C57bl 6 mice

For the Liver fibrosis progression model, 4–6 weeks old male C57BL/6 mice (Vital River, Beijing, China) were treated three times a week with or without 0.1 ml of a 40% CCl₄ in olive oil by oral gavage for 8 weeks and mice were treated with or without Ruxolitinib (30 mg/kg, oral gavage, each day) from 5 to 8 weeks. For Liver fibrosis reversal model, 4–6 weeks old male C57BL/6 mice (Vital River, Beijing, China) were treated three times a week with or without 0.1 ml of a 40% CCl₄ in olive oil by oral gavage for 6 weeks, and then mice allowed to recover from 6 to 8 weeks, with or without treatment with Ruxoltinib (30 mg/kg, oral gavage, each day).

A total of 20 C57BL/6 mice (4–6 weeks old) used in this study were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. Ten C57BL/6 mice, and LLC cells (5 × 10⁶cells) were used to construct a subcutaneous xenograft model by subcutaneous injection. The xenograft mice were randomly divided into two groups (control group n = 5, αPD‐L1 group n = 5). The xenograft mice of the control group were treated with PBS and the αPD‐L1 group was treated with αPD‐L1 (200 μg) by tail intravenous injection every 3 days for seven times.¹⁴ Tumour size was measured and the tumour volume was calculated according to the formula (length×width² × 0.5). The mice were sacrificed 28 days after PBS or αPD‐L1 treatment. Tumour tissue and lung tissue of mice were obtained. Ten C57BL/6 mice and LLC cells (1 × 10⁶cells) were used to construct a lung metastasis model by tail intravenous injection. The mice were randomly divided into two groups (control group n = 5, αPD‐L1 group n = 5) and treated with PBS or αPD‐L1 (200 μg), respectively. The mice were sacrificed 28 days after PBS or αPD‐L1 treatment. Lung tissue of mice was obtained. The tissues were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for further haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining or immunohistochemical analysis. All experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Yanbian University.

A total of 75 female BALB/c mice (4–6 weeks old) were divided into the following five groups: three injection groups receiving different doses of cells (1 × 10⁶, 5 × 10⁶, or 1 × 10⁷), a skin‐transplantation group, and a control group. The mice were followed up for a period of 3 months, during which they underwent allogeneic skin transplantation and the intraperitoneal injection of spleen lymphocytes (C57BL/6 mice).
C57BL/6 mice were obtained from Vital River Laboratories Co., Ltd., and BALB/c mice were provided by the Guangxi Medical University Laboratory Animal Centre (Nanning, China). The mice were housed in the Guangxi Medical University Laboratory Animal Centre in a pathogen‐free environment with standard temperature and humidity conditions. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Association guidelines, and the protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi Medical University of Chinese Medicine (Nanning, China).