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16 protocols using carbon coated copper grid

1

Characterization of Iohexol Nanoparticles

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All the chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification, unless otherwise specified. Iohexol (Omnipaque™) was obtained from GE Healthcare (UK). MitoTracker® Red CMXRos, Image-iT®-DEAD Green™ viability, HCS Cell Mask™ deep red and Hoechst 33342 (trihydrochloride, trihydrate) were purchased from Life Technologies (Oregon, USA). Sucrose was acquired from VWR International Ltd (England, UK) and paraformaldehyde solution 37–41% was acquired from Fisher Scientific (England, UK). A spectrum 100 spectrometer (PerkinElmer) was used to perform IR measurements. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Z-potential were measured using a Zetasizer Nanoseries spectrophotometer (Malvern instruments) at 25 °C. TEM samples were prepared on carbon-coated copper grids (200 mesh, Agar scientific) and TEM images were acquired using a Tecnai T20 instrument (FEI). Powder-XRD data were obtained on a Bruker D8 Advance powder diffractometer with a Cu Kα X-ray source (λ = 1.54058 Å) operating at 40 kV and 40 mA and a Sol-X detector.
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2

Visualizing Curli Fiber Formation in E. coli

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Desalted CsgA was incubated at room temperature in the presence or absence of CsgC. Samples for negative stain EM were prepared at different time points following guanidinium removal, by applying 2 µL of desalted protein solution on carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific). After an incubation of 1 minute a wash step with deionized water was performed before staining with 1% (w/v) uranyl acetate. The earliest time point for TEM imaging was standardized to 3.5 min after the start of the desalting. The samples were imaged using a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL Ltd.) equipped with a LaB6 cathode and operated at 120 kV. Images were recorded with a 4096 × 4096 pixel CMOS TemCam-F416 camera (TVIPS GmbH). Image J was used to measure fiber widths, either on in vitro grown fibers or on native curli on E. coli UGB1236 (n= 100) 50 (link).
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3

Negative Staining of Protein Samples

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Carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific, UK) were glow-discharged before application of 5 μL samples which were blotted after 30 s. Grids were stained twice with 2%(w/v) uranyl acetate and blotted dry, before viewing in a Jeol JEM-1400 TEM. Images were acquired at 40,000x magnification on a Gatan US1000 CCD camera.
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4

Phage Morphological Characterization via TEM

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Ten microliters of the phage suspension (>1 × 1010 PFU/mL) was stained with 2.0% (w/v) uranyl acetate and pipetted onto carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific, Stansted, UK) that were discharged using a EMS100 Glow Discharge Unit (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA). Stained samples were viewed using a FEI Tecnai F20 transmission electron microscope (ThermoFisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), fitted with a DE-16 camera (Direct Electron, San Diego, CA, USA). Images of the phages were taken at the University of Cape Town’s Electron Microscopy Unit (Cape Town, South Africa).
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5

Polymer/Peptide Visualization via TEM

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image the polymer/peptide solutions as previously reported.23 (link) Peptide and polymer/peptide solutions were formed as previously described, however at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Carbon-coated copper grids (400 mesh, Agar scientific) were glow discharged and placed shiny side down on the surface of a 10 ul droplet of sample for 10 seconds. The grids were placed on a 10 μl droplet of double deionized water for 10 seconds and blotted. Washed grids were placed on a 10 μl droplet of prepared and filtered uranyl acetate solution (4% w/v) for 60 seconds for the purposes of negative staining. This was blotted against double folded filter paper. Images were taken with a Tecnai G2 F20 Supertwin TEM operating at 200 kV.
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6

Visualizing Protein Folding on Lipid Monolayers

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Integrity and folding of all ILY variants were assessed by ring and arc formation on lipid monolayers. 10 µg/ml ILY and 1.6 µg/ml CD59, final concentrations, were mixed in Buffer A in a multi-well Teflon plate. The protein mixture was then overlaid with 2 μl of chloroform containing 1 mg/ml DOPC:cholesterol (1:1 molar ratio) and incubated at room temperature for 2 min to allow chloroform evaporation. Carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific) were applied to the top of each well before incubattion at 37 °C for 15 min in a sealed petri dish with a Buffer A-soaked paper towel, to prevent evaporation. Grids were then stained with 2% uranyl acetate and imaged, as described earlier (Negative-stain EM).
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7

Transmission Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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Samples were applied to carbon-coated copper grids (400 mesh, Agar Scientific) after glow-discharging in air. Samples were stained with 0.75% (w/v) uranyl formate or 2% (w/v) phosphotungstic acid. For ice embedding, the sample was applied to a Vitrobot system (FEI), blotted, and frozen in liquid ethane. Imaging of stained samples was performed at a magnification of ∼40,000 on a Philips CM100 at 100 kV, incorporating a Gatan MultiScan 794 1K × 1K charge-coupled device camera. For low-dose (<10 e/Å2) cryoimaging, micrographs were recorded at a magnification ∼60,000 on a Philips CM200 FEG operating at 200 kV in conjunction with a Gatan MegaScan 795 2K × 2K charge-coupled device camera.
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8

TEM Imaging of Protein Samples

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400 mesh carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific) were glow discharged (25 mA for 20 seconds) before sample application. Approximately 3 μL SLH (100 ng/μL concentration) was applied to the grids for one minute. Excess liquid was blotted away using Whatman® No. 3 Filter paper before washing the grids twice with ultrapure water and blotting excess liquid. Staining was performed with 10 μL of UA-Zero® EM stain (Agar Scientific) for one minute before blotting away the excess. Grids were stored in a grid box at room temperature until imaged. Samples were imaged using a JEOL JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope operating at 200 kV.
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9

Phage Morphology Analysis by TEM

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Transmission electron microscopy was used for determination of phage morphology. A filtered high-titer (~1011 PFU/mL) phage stock solution was placed on the surface of carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific, Essex, UK). The phage was negatively stained using 2% (w/v) uranyl acetate, which was removed after 2 min. The grids with adsorbed phages were air dried, and the morphology of the phage was observed by transmission electron microscopy (Hitachi H-7650, Tokyo, Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV using a charge-coupled device camera (AMT400, Woburn, MA, USA).
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10

Visualizing Curli Fiber Formation in E. coli

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Desalted CsgA was incubated at room temperature in the presence or absence of CsgC. Samples for negative stain EM were prepared at different time points following guanidinium removal, by applying 2 µL of desalted protein solution on carbon-coated copper grids (Agar Scientific). After an incubation of 1 minute a wash step with deionized water was performed before staining with 1% (w/v) uranyl acetate. The earliest time point for TEM imaging was standardized to 3.5 min after the start of the desalting. The samples were imaged using a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL Ltd.) equipped with a LaB6 cathode and operated at 120 kV. Images were recorded with a 4096 × 4096 pixel CMOS TemCam-F416 camera (TVIPS GmbH). Image J was used to measure fiber widths, either on in vitro grown fibers or on native curli on E. coli UGB1236 (n= 100) 50 (link).
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