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8 protocols using bx51 microscope

1

Microscopy analysis of live and fixed cells

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Differential interference contrast micrographs of live and formaldehyde-fixed cells were taken on an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a ProgRes CFscan CCD camera (Jenoptik, Jena, Germany) using a 60×/1.40 oil-immersion objective lens.
For thin-section electron microscopy, log-phase cells in TAP medium were fixed by addition of an equal volume of TAP containing 5% glutaraldehyde (EM grade; EM Sciences, Hatfield, PA). After 15 min, cells were harvested by gentle centrifugation and resuspended in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na cacodylate (pH 7.4) for 45 min. Cells were then washed five times with cacodylate buffer and postfixed with 1% OsO4 and 0.8% K3Fe(CN)6 in cacodylate buffer for 60 min. Following multiple washes with distilled water, samples were stained en bloc with 1% aqueous uranyl acetate, dehydrated through an ethanol series, transitioned to propylene oxide, and embedded in Poly/Bed 812 epoxide resin (Polysciences, Warrington, PA). Ultrathin sections with a nominal thickness of 55 nm were picked up on unsupported 300-mesh copper grids, poststained with 6.25% uranyl acetate in 50% methanol, and examined in a Hitachi H-7650 transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV.
All micrographs were cropped and adjusted for brightness/contrast using Adobe Photoshop CS4.
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2

Microscopic Imaging of Cell Invasion

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The bright field images of invasion assays were captured using Zeiss AxioVert A1 inverted microscope (Zeiss Inc.) and Moticam Pro 282B CCD camera with Motic Image Plus vs 2.0 software (Motic Inc.) at ×10 magnification. The fluorescence images were captured using Olympus BX51 microscope with ×100 objective and Jenoptik ProgRes® MfCool monochrome CCD camera (Jenoptik Inc.). Confocal imaging was performed using Olympus FV3000 microscope with ×60 objective lens with oil immersion. An optical zoom of ×2 optical zoom was applied and a PMT of 700 V and laser power of 52% for red channel (Alexa Flour 568) was maintained. The Z-stack images were acquired using 0.5 µm step size and each section was imaged three times for averaging. Mean fluorescence intensity and wound closure were calculated by using ImageJ or Fiji software.17 (link)
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3

Imaging Cells with Olympus Microscope

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Cells were photographed under x1000 magnification using an Olympus BX51 microscope (Smcs Limited), with ProgRes® C5 camera attachment (Jenoptik, Germany) and ProgRes® CapturePro 2.6 imaging software. Photographs were used as a visual reference to examine cells.
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4

Histological Evaluation of Muscle Biopsy

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Histological evaluation of muscle biopsy for a hard‐to‐treat patient (referred to as Patient 3, see Table 1) was performed by conventional light microscopy. Specimens were processed according to established clinical diagnostic histopathological procedures performed by CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)‐accredited Pathology Laboratory of UPMC Clinical Laboratory Services. Frozen sections of biopsy samples were subjected to routine H&E and immunoperoxidase techniques employing antibodies specific for tissue macrophages (CD68, clone PGM1, Roche), endothelial cells (CD31, clone JC70A, Dako Agilent) and MHC I (anti‐HLA‐A, clone EP1395Y, Abcam). Immunostaining included isotype controls. PAS staining was also carried out. All immunohistochemically stained slides were counterstained with haematoxylin. Slide preparations utilised the Benchmark ULTRA System (Roche Diagnostics). Histological evaluation was performed by a paediatric pathologist (author MRM) using a bright‐field Olympus® BX51 microscope, and images were obtained with a Jenoptik® Gryphax camera. Raw images were used without manipulation.
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5

Histochemical Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase

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ALPL activity was detected following previously published protocols (21 (link)), with modifications. Briefly, frozen uterine sections were fixed in 10% NBF for 10 min and then washed with 1 × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times for 5 min each. The uterine sections were then incubated in the dark at 37°C for 30 min in a solution containing 0.5 mm naphthol AS-MX phosphate (ALPL substrate) and 1.5 mm Fast Blue RR in 0.1 m Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. ALPL activity releases orthophosphate and naphthol derivatives from the ALPL substrate. The naphthol derivatives are simultaneously coupled with the diazonium salt (Fast Blue RR) to form a dark dye marking the site of enzyme action. The slides were rinsed in tap water to terminate the enzymatic reaction. Stained uterine sections were visualized under an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped for light imaging and connected to a Jenoptik ProgRes C14 digital camera with c-mount interface containing a 1.4 Megapixel CCD sensor.
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6

Lamin-B1 Immunofluorescence Microscopy

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Lamin-B1 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cells were fixed with methanol/acetone at ratio 3/7 and stained overnight at 4°C with anti-Lamin-B1 rabbit mAb (Abcam, ab133741) diluted 1:100 in PBS with 5% BSA, 0.3 M glycine, 0.1% Triton X-100. After washing in PBS, AF594-cojugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A-11012) was applied for 1 h at room temperature. Cover slip was mounted using SlowFade™ gold antifade mountant with DAPI (Invitrogen, S36938). Images were acquired by conventional epifluorescence microscopy using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a ProgRes® MF cool monochrome camera (Jenoptik) and processed with I.A.S software ver. 009 (Delta Sistemi) for merging and pseudo-coloring adjustment.
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7

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Histochemistry

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Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) activity was detected following previously published protocols [67 (link)], with modifications. Briefly, frozen uterine sections were fixed in 10% NBF for 10 min, and then washed with 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times for 5 min each. The uterine sections were then incubated in the dark at 37°C for 30 min in a solution containing 0.5 mM naphthol AS-MX phosphate (ALPL substrate) and 1.5 mM Fast Blue RR in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. Alkaline phosphatase activity releases orthophosphate and naphthol derivatives from the ALPL substrate. The naphthol derivatives are simultaneously coupled with the diazonium salt (Fast Blue RR) to form a dark dye marking the site of enzyme action. The slides were rinsed in tap water to terminate the enzymatic reaction. Stained uterine sections were visualized under an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped for light imaging and connected to a Jenoptik ProgRes C14 digital camera with c-mount interface containing a 1.4 Megapixel CCD sensor.
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8

Immunohistochemical Profiling of Tissue Samples

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For immunohistochemistry, tissue was embedded in paraffin and 5 μm thick sections prepared. After deparaffinization, tissue sections were quenched in 2% H2O2 (10 min, room temperature). Tissue sections were then blocked with an avidin/biotin blocking kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) followed by 5% serum corresponding to the source of the primary antibody. After 2 h at room temperature, tissues sections were incubated with primary antibodies to BCRP (BXP-21, 1:100; abcam), TFR-1 (ab108985, 1:200 Abcam), PLAP (ab133602, 1:1000, Abcam), or CD34 (ab81289 1:10,000, Abcam). After 16 h at 4°C, tissue sections were washed and incubated with biotinylated secondary antibodies for 60 min at room temperature (Vector Laboratories). Tissue sections were then stained using a 3,3′-diaminobenzidine peroxidase substrate kit (Vector Laboratories). After counterstaining with hematoxylin, tissue sections were dehydrated and imaged by light microscopy on a Olympus BX51 microscope (Waltham, MA) fitted with a ProgRes C14+ camera (Jenoptik, Jena, Germany). Negative controls for each secondary antibody are provided (Supplemental Fig 2).
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