The dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 12,000–14,000
Da was obtained from Spectra/Pro. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s
medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), Hoechst 33342,
no-mycoplasma fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin–EDTA, penicillin–streptomycin,
and live cell imaging solution were procured from Thermo Fisher. All
other chemicals were provided by Merck. The chemicals used in this
work were utilized without further purification unless stated otherwise.
Ultrapure Milli-Q water (Millipore, 18.2 MΩ·cm) was employed
in this study.