Chloroform

N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methyl sulfate (DOTAP) and cholesterol were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA). DMEM and MTT were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., (St Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Chloroform and other organic solvents were purchased from ChengDu KeLong Chemical Co., Ltd (ChengDu, People’s Republic of China) Hoechst 33258 was purchased from Beyotime, (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). XY-4 was previously synthesized in our laboratory. Mouse B16 melanoma cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, incubated at 37°C with 5% CO₂ humidified air atmosphere. Antibodies against mouse cytochrome c, β-actin, Bcl-xl, caspase 3 and caspase 9 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). C57 mice were obtained from Beijing HFK Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Beijing, People’s Republic of China) and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. All animal procedures were approved and controlled by the Institutional Animal Care and Treatment Committee of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital and carried out according to the Animal Care and Use Guidelines of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital.

PLA was purchased from Shanghai Leon Chemical, Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with a molecular weight (M_w) of 3.05 × 10⁵ g mol⁻¹ and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.38. Chloroform (AR) and absolute alcohol (AR) were provided by Chengdu Kelong Chemical Co., Ltd.