Photoresponse was characterized using laser sources—635 nm (Thorlabs S1FC635) and 405 nm (Thorlabs S1FC405)—that deliver light to the probe station’s optical microscope. Laser intensity was controlled below the system’s minimum output using neutral density filters. To account for losses by coupling into the probe station’s optics, the intensity of the laser light was measured after the objective lens using a power meter (Thorlabs S130VC) that was positioned on the probe station’s sample chuck. The output optical power at the objective was correlated to the laser controller’s power setting just prior to photo-response measurements. Beam size and shape were quantified using a DataRay Beam ‘R2 profiler. The beam was approximately Gaussian possessing a 1/e2 radius of 1690 µm. Measured responsivity and SNR presume the entirety of the measured power is absorbed despite the fact that the devices are a factor of 10 smaller. We take this step to account for the possibility of photogenerated holes, created away from the graphene channel, reaching the device and thus gating the graphene17 (link).
S130vc
Manufactured by Thorlabs
Sourced in United States
The S130VC is a photodetector that measures optical power. It has an active area of 0.8 mm and a spectral range of 400 to 1100 nm.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Pm100d, by Thorlabs (3 mentions)
S1fc405, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
S1fc635, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Cc 3 uv s, by OceanOptics (1 mentions)
Flame s vis nir es, by OceanOptics (1 mentions)
Agilent 5500, by Keysight (1 mentions)
Keithley 2450, by Tektronix (1 mentions)
Dcc1545m, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Lsm 880, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Ld plan neofluar, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
M plan apo, by Mitutoyo (1 mentions)
X cite led1, by Excelitas (1 mentions)
Te2000 u microscope, by Nikon (1 mentions)
P96g 1.5 5 f, by MatTek (1 mentions)
Dc2200 led driver, by Thorlabs (1 mentions)
Ff470 di01, by IDEX Corporation (1 mentions)
14 protocols using s130vc
1
Characterization of Graphene Photoresponse
2
Characterization of Photodetector Performance
3
Hologram Fabrication and Characterization
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The CGHs adopted in this paper are Fresnel holograms calculated starting from black and white images as reported in the literature.35 (link)The calculated binary pattern was then transferred by means of a direct-laser writing machine36 equipped with visible lasers. The photochromic film is first completely converted to the coloured form by means of UV illumination, then the visible laser (638 nm, nominal power of 15 mW) is focused onto the film to convert it locally to the transparent form.
For the hologram reconstruction, a He–Ne laser (633 nm) was employed in case of amplitude reconstruction. The images were collected by a CCD camera (Thorlabs DCC1545M).
For the measurement of the diffraction efficiency of gratings, we used a tuneable Xenon light source (Newport TLS130B-300X). The wavelength was scanned from 500 to 1000 nm and sent through the grating at normal incidence. The diffracted light was measured by a silicon photodiode (Thorlabs S130VC) at the corresponding diffraction angle. The same measurement was performed without the grating to have the total intensity. The ratio of the two measurements was the efficiency.
Interferometry has been applied to measure the pattern distortion of the grating by means of a Zygo GPI interferometer.
For the hologram reconstruction, a He–Ne laser (633 nm) was employed in case of amplitude reconstruction. The images were collected by a CCD camera (Thorlabs DCC1545M).
For the measurement of the diffraction efficiency of gratings, we used a tuneable Xenon light source (Newport TLS130B-300X). The wavelength was scanned from 500 to 1000 nm and sent through the grating at normal incidence. The diffracted light was measured by a silicon photodiode (Thorlabs S130VC) at the corresponding diffraction angle. The same measurement was performed without the grating to have the total intensity. The ratio of the two measurements was the efficiency.
Interferometry has been applied to measure the pattern distortion of the grating by means of a Zygo GPI interferometer.
4
Characterizing Photodetector Spectral Response
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A light source was guided into the photodetector through a circular aperture with area A. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different wavelengths were used as light sources to provide light with wavelengths of 255, 370, and 405 nm. A fibre probe, coupled to a monochromator with a deuterium lamp, was used for spectral response measurements. The optical power density through the aperture (Popt) was measured using a silicon photodetector (S130VC; Thorlabs, Inc.). The incident (Pinc) power density was then calculated using the relation: Pinc = (Adet × Popt)/A, where Adet is the active area of the photodetector. Electrical measurements were taken using a system source meter (2602 A; Keithley Instruments Inc.) in conjunction with LabVIEW software. All measurements were conducted at room temperature in the ambient atmosphere.
5
Odor-Based Behavioral Assay with PiVR
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Behavioral experiments involving an odor source were conducted according to a published protocol (17 (link), 48 (link)). Briefly, the odor was diluted in paraffin oil (Sigma-Aldrich, 18512-1L) in glass vials with Teflon caps (Neta Scientific, 5182-0556). Odor dilutions were prepared on a daily basis. Agarose [3% (w/v)] was poured on top of lids of 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-One, 656161). A reinforcement ring (Office Depot, 5722) was placed in the center of a different set of 96-well plate lids. Ten microliters of odor (or solvent for controls) was placed inside the reinforcement ring. The lid containing the odor source was placed on top of the lid with the agarose layer. The odor diffused for 30 s in the dish before a single animal was introduced in the arena below the source. Behavior was monitored using PiVR, which performs real-time tracking as described in previous work (48 (link)). To create virtual odor realities in Fig. 3C , we used a high-powered PiVR setup (48 (link)). Light intensity was measured using a photodiode (Thorlabs, S130VC) connected to a power meter (Thorlabs, PM100D).
6
Dual-light Spectroscopy of Stem Cells
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For DL spectroscopy, hDPSCs were first washed twice with DPBS to eliminate any influence of FBS. The light sensor (power range: 500 pW–0.5 mW, S130VC, Thorlabs, USA), with a resolution of 37 ms per datum, was placed on the PBM system in a CO2 incubator (MC-20A, Science & Technology Inc., Korea) in darkness for 30 min to remove natural luminescence. The light sensor’s area for detection was similar to the diameter of a 24-well plate.
To inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain components, we used 100 nM rotenone57 (link) and 4 μM antimycin-A (AMA)58 (link) to block the function of complex I and complex III, respectively, in the electron transport chain. hDPSCs were incubated with those solutions for 60 min, and then DL was measured. To test the role of ROS, the cells were treated with NAC for 30 min, and then DL was measured. All the measurements were conducted for 20 min, and all data were subtracted from the cell-free condition. The control (non-illuminated cells) DL data are not presented because their intensity level (10−19 to 10−16 W/cm2) was out of the range of the light sensor, representing spontaneous photon emissions59 (link).
To inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain components, we used 100 nM rotenone57 (link) and 4 μM antimycin-A (AMA)58 (link) to block the function of complex I and complex III, respectively, in the electron transport chain. hDPSCs were incubated with those solutions for 60 min, and then DL was measured. To test the role of ROS, the cells were treated with NAC for 30 min, and then DL was measured. All the measurements were conducted for 20 min, and all data were subtracted from the cell-free condition. The control (non-illuminated cells) DL data are not presented because their intensity level (10−19 to 10−16 W/cm2) was out of the range of the light sensor, representing spontaneous photon emissions59 (link).
7
Characterization of Printed Device I-V Behavior
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The I-V behavior of printed devices was characterized with a semiconductor device parameter analyzer (Keysight B1500A, Keysight Technologies). The LED light emission was collected using a photodiode power sensor (S130VC, Thorlabs) and a spectrometer (Flame, Ocean Insight). Optical images of the OLEDs were taken with a Nikon D750 camera under an exposure time of 1.3 s and f-number of f/8. The OLED operation was monitored in a dark room with an applied current of 30 μA for 10 hours.
8
Optogenetics-Driven Backward Locomotion
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Adult flies were allowed to lay eggs on standard culture medium that was supplemented with 1 µM RU486 and 2 mM ATR. After 24 hr, light-induced backward crawling larvae were transferred to culture medium supplemented with 2 mM ATR and grown to adulthood. Two- to 6-day-old adult flies were individually transferred into a 10-ml serological pipette for walking assay. Red‐orange light from a 617 nm high‐power LED was fiber‐coupled to a 200 µm core optical cable that was triggered via a T-Cube LEDD1B driver (ThorLabs, Newton, NJ). Optogenetic stimulation was measured via a photodiode power sensor (S130VC, ThorLabs) to be ~4.6 µW/mm2. We performed the same analysis for the intersectional experiment (above) to quantify backward locomotion probability upon light stimulus.
9
Femtosecond Laser Tissue Ablation
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The laser beam is focused on the fixed tissue (rat liver dissection). Thereon, a Galvano scanner (IntelliScan 14, SCANLAB GmbH, Germany) steers the laser beam along a straight line of 400 μm length with a speed of 50 mm/s, repeating this process five hundred times. The laser-affected tissue is imaged using a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM 880, Carl Zeiss AG, Germany) with a 20× microscope objective (LD Plan-Neofluar, Carl Zeiss AG, Germany). The average power of the femtosecond pulsed laser is characterized by the laser power percentage (LPP), which is modulated by a beam attenuator (Ultrafast, Altechna, Lithuania). A photodiode power sensor (S130VC, Thorlabs, USA) measures the average laser power at the focal plane of a 10× microscope objective (M Plan Apo, Mitutoyo, Japan).
10
Optimized UV Light Characterization
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The aspheric UV lens (Thorlabs C610TME-A, numerical aperture NA = 0.6) and UV collimator (Thorlabs F671APC-405, NA = 0.6) for light collection in Figs. 2a and 4a are wavelength-dependent. To align the optical path for UV light, we place a short-pass edge filter (Semrock FF01-468/SP, transparency below 468 nm) after the UV lens to block the near-VIS light, which allows for UV signal detection using an ultra-sensitive spectrometer (JAZ-EL350, 350–1000 nm, Ocean Optics). After re-optimizing the alignment for UV light collimation, a grating-based OSA is employed for high-resolution spectral measurement while the near-VIS light is greatly suppressed. The average power of outgoing light from the UV lens and optical fiber are respectively recorded by two calibrated silicon power sensors (Thorlabs S130VC and S140C). The high launched power in Fig. 3a is detected by a thermal power sensor (Thorlabs S314C). The transmittance of delivering free-space near-VIS and UV lights into optical fibers is respectively measured to be 10% and 1.6%, which is responsible for the reduced PSD recorded by the OSA.
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