Propofol

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in Germany, United States

Propofol is a laboratory equipment product used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is a short-acting intravenous sedative-hypnotic agent. The core function of Propofol is to provide a controlled state of unconsciousness and analgesia during medical procedures.

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7 protocols using propofol

Propofol Quantification Using HPLC-UV/Fluorescence

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Propofol concentration in plasma samples was measured using the HPLC/UV system (P580A; Dionex, Germany) coupled to a fluorescence detector (RF2000; Dionex, Germany) detector. As an analytical standard, Propofol obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada) was used. Plasma samples (150 μL) were mixed with 150 μL of 2 M trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and certifugated at 10,000 × g for 10 min. An aliquot of the supernatant was injected onto an analytical C₁₈ reversed-phase column (Hypersil GOLD, 250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm, Germany) maintained at 30 °C. The mobile phase constituted 0.6 % (v/v) orthophosphoric (V) acid and acetonitrile (50:50) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The elution profiles of Propofol were monitored fluorometrically at an excitation wavelength of 270 nm and an emission wavelength of 310 nm. Plasma concentrations of Propofol were determined by Chromeleon software version 6.80 (Dionex, Germany). For each analysis, the RSD (percentage of relative standard deviation) was calculated and for the HPLC/UV and fluorescence method, it was below 2.5 %. All samples were analysed in duplicate.
As the pharmacokinetic parameter, the mean retention time (MRT) was calculated for each patient using PKSolver software (Zhang et al. 2010 (link)). Observed MRT values were assigned to a percentile rank for a score of 25 and 75.

Mikstacki A., Zakerska-Banaszak O., Skrzypczak-Zielinska M., Tamowicz B., Prendecki M., Dorszewska J., Molinska-Glura M., Waszak M, & Slomski R. (2016). The effect of UGT1A9, CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 genes polymorphism on individual differences in propofol pharmacokinetics among Polish patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Journal of Applied Genetics, 58(2), 213-220.

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Investigating E. coli BL21 protein expression

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E. coli BL21 were purchased from Invitrogen. Plasmid pET-21A was purchased from Novagen. pDNR-LIR-hVDAC was purchased from Dharmacon. Ampicillin, IPTG, Triton 100X, Guanidine hydrochloride, Acrylamide: Bisacrylamide 37.5:1, SDS 10%, Temed, APS, TGS 10X, NH₄Cl and CaCl₂ were purchased from Euromedex. NaCl, NaH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, KH₂PO₄, glucose, LB-broth, Tris-HCl, NADH, propofol, quinidine, ubiquinone 0, Laemli 6X, β-mercapto ethanol, PBS, Na₂HPO₄, K₂SO₄ and metformin were purchased from ThermoFisher. Aspirin, catechin, curcumin, DCCD, DPC, emodin, fluoxetine, and MnCl₂ were purchased from Fluorochem. Imidazole, DIDS, DMSO, ReadyBlue Protein Gel stain, EDTA, MgCl₂, CoCl₂, H₂BO₃, acetone and ethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FeSO₄ and ZnSo₄ were purchased from Biobasic. CuCl₂ and Mo₇O₂₄ were purchased from Roth. ¹⁵NH₄Cl, D₂O and deuterated glucose were purchased from Innova-Chem. LDAO was purchased from CliniSciences. Itraconazole was purchased from Cayman Chemical company. VBIT4 was purchased from Aobious. Cannabidiol was purchased from Carbosynth. Olesoxime was obtained from in-house chemical library.

Gorny H., Mularoni A., Delcros J.G., Freton C., Preto J, & Krimm I. (2023). Combining nano-differential scanning fluorimetry and microscale thermophoresis to investigate VDAC1 interaction with small molecules. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 38(1), 2121821.

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Synthetic Peptide Procurement and Reagents

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Synthetic light and heavy labeled peptides (Table S5) were obtained from New England Peptides (Boston, MA) and Thermo-Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL), respectively. 17-β-estradiol, trifluoperazine, 4-hydroxyindole, propofol, naloxone, oxazepam, chloroform, Optima MS-grade acetonitrile/methanol and formic acid were purchased from Fischer Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). 17-β-Estradiol 3-glucuronide was purchased from Cayman chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI), whereas 17-β-Estradiol 17-glucuronide was purchased from Steraloid Inc. (Newport, RI). propofol β-D-glucuronide, naloxone 3β-D-glucuronide and oxazepam-glucuronide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO). Ammonium bicarbonate (98% purity) and sodium deoxycholate (98% purity) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL) and MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA), respectively.

Bhatt D.K., Mehrotra A., Gaedigk A., Chapa R., Basit A., Zhang H., Choudhari P., Boberg M., Pearce R.E., Gaedigk R., Broeckel U., Leeder J.S, & Prasad B. (2018). Age- and genotype-dependent variability in the protein abundance and activity of six major uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases in human liver. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 105(1), 131-141.

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Propofol Exposure in Hippocampal Neurons

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Propofol was purchased from Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH (Graz, Austria). As previously described (29 (link),30 ), the hippocampal neurons were exposed to 50 µmol/l Propofol for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. Subsequently, cells were transfected with 50 nM PEA15 cloned in pcDNA3.1 or empty pcDNA3.1 vectors (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) using Lipofectamine^® 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and cultured for 48 h at 37°C. A total of six experimental groups were considered in the present study: Control group (0.1% PBS), empty-vector group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 vector), PEA15 group (transfected with PEA15), Propofol group (treated with 50 µmol/l Propofol), empty-vector + Propofol group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 empty vector and treated with 50 µmol/l Propofol), and PEA15+Propofol group (transfected with PEA15 and treated with 50 µmol/l Propofol).

Xian F., Li Q, & Chen Z. (2019). Overexpression of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 reverses the damage induced by propofol in hippocampal neurons. Molecular Medicine Reports, 20(2), 1583-1592.

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Investigating Glioma Cell Response to Propofol

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Normal human astrocytes (NHAs) and human glioma cell lines (U251 and LN229) were purchased from the Chinese Academy of life Sciences (Shanghai, China) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen) at 37°C with 5% CO₂.
MiR-206 mimic (miR-206), miR-206 inhibitor (miR-206-I), their corresponding control (miR-NC or miR-NC-I), small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting ROCK1 (si-ROCK1) and siRNA negative control (si-NC) were synthesized by Genepharma (Shanghai, Chinaexit ), and then these oligonucleotides or vectors were transfected into U251 and LN229 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) for 48 h before propofol treatment.
propofol was obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA), following by being dissolved in DMSO in accordance with the protocol of the manufacturer. Cells were maintained in 96-well plates and treated with 5 µg/mL propofol for 6 h, and cells treated by the same volume of PBS were regarded as blank controls.

Wang D., Yang T., Liu J., Liu Y., Xing N., He J., Yang J, & Ai Y. (2020). Propofol Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Glioma Cells by Blocking the PI3K/AKT Pathway Through miR-206/ROCK1 Axis. OncoTargets and therapy, 13, 361-370.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Di-block Copolymers

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Di-block copolymers are made up of a hydrophilic block of polyethylene glycol (PEG; mol. wt. 2 kDa) and a hydrophobic block of one of: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Two molecular weights of hydrophobic block chains were used: 2 kDa and 5 kDa. The nomenclature used for the di-block copolymers is, for instance, polyethylene glycol 2 kDa - poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 5 kDa = PEG (2 kDa)-PLGA (5 kDa). All di-block copolymers were purchased from Akina (West Lafayette, IN, USA). Propofol, nicardipine hydrochloride, verapamil hydrochloride, sodium sulfate, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Doxorubicin hydrochloride was purchased from LC laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). Cisplatin, dexmedetomidine, Luria Broth (LB) powder, and LB agar powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Ketamine hydrochloride injectable solution is a controlled substance and was purchased via Stanford University Environmental Health & Safety. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). n-Perfluoropentane (PFP) was purchased from FluoroMed (Round Rock, TX, USA). A hydrophobic IRDye® 800RS infrared dye was purchased from LI-COR Biotechnology (Lincoln, NE, USA).

Zhong Q., Yoon B., Aryal M., Wang J., Ilovitsh T., Baikoghli M., Hosseini-Nassab N., Karthik A., Cheng R., Ferrara K, & Airan R. (2019). Polymeric perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions are ultrasound-activated wireless drug infusion catheters. Biomaterials, 206, 73-86.

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Synthesis of Polymer-based Theranostics

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Di-block copolymers are made up of a hydrophilic block of polyethylene glycol (PEG; mol. wt. 2 kDa) and a hydrophobic block of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Two molecular weights of hydrophobic block chains were used: 2 kDa and 5 kDa. The example of nomenclatures for di-block copolymer is polyethylene glycol 2 kDa - poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) = PEG (2 kDa)-PLGA (5 kDa). All di-block copolymers were purchased from Akina (West Lafayette, IN, USA). Propofol was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Ketamine hydrochloride injectable solution is a controlled substance and was purchased via Stanford University Environmental Health & Safety. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and hexane were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). n-Perfluoropentane (PFP) was purchased from FluoroMed (Round Rock, TX, USA). A hydrophobic IRDye® 800RS infrared dye was purchased from LI-COR Biotechnology (Lincoln, NE, USA).

Wang J.B., Aryal M., Zhong Q., Vyas D.B, & Airan R.D. (2018). Noninvasive ultrasonic drug uncaging maps whole-brain functional networks. Neuron, 100(3), 728-738.e7.

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