The topography of the CHO cells was evaluated by AFM imaging, and measurements of the cells’ surface roughness were performed using the NT-MDT Solver system from NT-MDT Inc. in semi-contact mode using commercial silicon cantilevers with a tip diameter of 10 nm and force constant of 1.5 N/m. Cell surface roughness analysis was performed on the topography images of cell surface areas (5 × 5 µm) using Nova software from NT-MDT Inc. Surface roughness factors (10-point height (Sz) and average) were determined.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was performed to determine the TiO2-NPs content in CHO cells after exposure to the TiO2-NP colloidal solution. The samples were examined using a Hitachi S-3400N Type II scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan).
The Raman spectra of CHO cells were registered using a confocal Raman system ‘upright INTEGRA Spectra’ from NT-MDT, using a 100× objective, 20 mW 532 nm wavelength DPSS laser, and a spectrometer—Solar TII from NT-MDT, equipped with a TE-cooled (−60 °C) CCD camera—DV401-BV from Andor Technology (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK). The power of the laser at the sample was 0.4 mW, and the acquisition time was 20 s.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was performed to determine the TiO2-NPs content in CHO cells after exposure to the TiO2-NP colloidal solution. The samples were examined using a Hitachi S-3400N Type II scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan).
The Raman spectra of CHO cells were registered using a confocal Raman system ‘upright INTEGRA Spectra’ from NT-MDT, using a 100× objective, 20 mW 532 nm wavelength DPSS laser, and a spectrometer—Solar TII from NT-MDT, equipped with a TE-cooled (−60 °C) CCD camera—DV401-BV from Andor Technology (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK). The power of the laser at the sample was 0.4 mW, and the acquisition time was 20 s.