Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam were obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). Clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiacloprid amide were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Desmethyl-Acetamiprid and desmethyl-thiamethoxam were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetamiprid-d6 was obtained from Hayashi Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Acetamiprid-d3, Clothianidin-d3, imidacloprid-d4, and thiamethoxam-d4 were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). dinotefuran-d3 and thiacloprid-d4 were obtained from @rtMolecule (Poitiers, France) and C/D/N Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Canada), respectively.
Thiamethoxam
Manufactured by AccuStandard
Sourced in United States
Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide used in agricultural and veterinary applications. It functions as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, binding to receptors in the insect's nervous system and disrupting neural transmission, leading to insect mortality.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Acetamiprid, by AccuStandard (3 mentions)
Clothianidin, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Dinotefuran, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Imidacloprid, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Nitenpyram, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Thiacloprid, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Desmethyl acetamiprid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Diazinon, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Dursban, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Propamocarb, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Carbaryl, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Metalaxyl, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Baycarb, by AccuStandard (2 mentions)
Imidacloprid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mgso4, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Lc ms ms grade formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium formate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by AccuStandard (1 mentions)
Thiobencarb, by AccuStandard (1 mentions)
5 protocols using thiamethoxam
1
Quantitative analysis of neonicotinoids
2
Determination of Neonicotinoid Pesticides
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Acetamiprid, flonicamid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam,
and nitenpyram standard solutions were purchased from Accustandard
(New Haven, CT, USA) with purity ≥99.7%. Imidacloprid and clothianidin
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) with purity
of 99.9%. Dinotefuran was purchased from Chem Service (West Chester,
PA, USA) with purity of 99.2%. The isotope-labeled internal standards
(IS) for Imidacloprid-d4 (99.2%), clothianidin-d3 (98.9%), and thiamethoxam-d3 (99.8%) were purchased from C/D/N Isotopes, Inc. (Quebec,
Canada). LC-MS/MS grade formic acid and ammonium formate were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. HPLC grade reagents, including acetonitrile and
water, were purchased from J. T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). Vial
(1.5 mL with 0.2 μm nylon filter) were purchased from VWR international
(Radnor, PA, USA). QuEChERS extraction salt packages, which include
4 g of MgSO4, 1 g of NaCl, 1 g of sodium citrate, and 500
mg of of disodium citrate sesquihydrate in each salt pack, and 2 mL
of QuEChERS dispersive SPE containing 50 mg of PSA + 50 mg of C18
+ 150 mg of MgSO4 or 50 mg of PSA + 50 mg of graphitized
carbon black (GCB) + 150 mg of MgSO4 or 25 mg of PSA +
7.5 mg of GCB + 150 mg of MgSO4 ceramic homogenizer were
purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
and nitenpyram standard solutions were purchased from Accustandard
(New Haven, CT, USA) with purity ≥99.7%. Imidacloprid and clothianidin
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) with purity
of 99.9%. Dinotefuran was purchased from Chem Service (West Chester,
PA, USA) with purity of 99.2%. The isotope-labeled internal standards
(IS) for Imidacloprid-d4 (99.2%), clothianidin-d3 (98.9%), and thiamethoxam-d3 (99.8%) were purchased from C/D/N Isotopes, Inc. (Quebec,
Canada). LC-MS/MS grade formic acid and ammonium formate were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich. HPLC grade reagents, including acetonitrile and
water, were purchased from J. T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). Vial
(1.5 mL with 0.2 μm nylon filter) were purchased from VWR international
(Radnor, PA, USA). QuEChERS extraction salt packages, which include
4 g of MgSO4, 1 g of NaCl, 1 g of sodium citrate, and 500
mg of of disodium citrate sesquihydrate in each salt pack, and 2 mL
of QuEChERS dispersive SPE containing 50 mg of PSA + 50 mg of C18
+ 150 mg of MgSO4 or 50 mg of PSA + 50 mg of graphitized
carbon black (GCB) + 150 mg of MgSO4 or 25 mg of PSA +
7.5 mg of GCB + 150 mg of MgSO4 ceramic homogenizer were
purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
3
Pesticide Quantification in Food Samples
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The pesticidal standards (100 mg/kg) for Thiamethoxam, Propamocarb, Carbaryl, Metalaxyl, Baycarb, Thiobencarb, Diazinon, and Dursban were obtained from AccuStandard ® (New Haven, USA) and were later diluted to 0.1 mg/kg (100 µg/kg) with estimated volume of methanol, respectively. Meanwhile, the LC-MS grade organic solvents were used for this research work. The solvents include methanol and ACN (Merck, Germany), acetic acid (HOAc), and formic acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific. The Millipore-filtered (deionized) water was obtained using Merck Millipore water purification system (Billerica, USA). The ProElut TM AOAC 2007.01 QuEChERS-dSPE kits for general vegetables and fruits were obtained from Dikma Technologies Inc. (Lake Forest, USA), as well as the molten salt (HPLC grade) of [C6MIM][PF6] ionic liquid-based (P ≥ 97.0%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Germany).
4
Quantification of Pesticides by LC-MS/MS
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The chemicals and reagents such as the stock standard solution (100 mg/kg) for pesticide Baycarb, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Dursban, Metalaxyl, Propamocarb, Thiamethoxam and Thiobencarbwere were purchased from AccuStandard ® (New Haven, USA). The LC-MS grade organic solvents that include ACN and methanol were purchased from Merck (Germany). The formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific. The Millipore-filtered (deionized) water was obtained using Merck Millipore water purification system (Billerica, USA). While, the apparatus and equipments that include the 100 and 500 µL microsyringe were purchased from Agilent (Australia). The pH meter PB was purchased from Sartorius group (Germany). The HPLC autosampler vials were purchased from Agilent Technologies (USA). The Supelco HPLC column [Ascentis ® Express C18 (5 cm x 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm)] was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). And the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [triple quadrupole (G6490A) built in Electrospray ESI (±) MS/MS Sensitivity and Jet stream Technology] instrument was purchased from Agilent (Singapore).
5
Quantification of Neonicotinoid Pesticides
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We analyzed six compounds, five of which were mother compounds (Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, dinote-furan, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and the other a metabolite (desmethyl-Acetamiprid). imidacloprid currently accounts for approximately 41.5% of the global neonicotinoid market in terms of sales, and this is followed by thiamethoxam (23.8%), Clothianidin (16.7%), and Acetamiprid (10.5%) 12) . dinotefuran accounts for approximately 3% of the global neonicotinoid market 12) . The major neonicotinoid compounds were therefore included in this study.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). Clothianidin and dinotefuran were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Desmethyl-Acetamiprid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isotope-labeled Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid-d6) was purchased from Hayashi Pure Chemical Ind. (Osaka, Japan). Acetamiprid-d3, Clothianidin-d3, imidacloprid-d4, and thiamethoxam-d4 were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer Inc. (Augsburg, Germany). dinotefuran-d3 was purchased from @rtMolecule (Poitiers, France). All reagents were of analytical grade.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). Clothianidin and dinotefuran were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Desmethyl-Acetamiprid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isotope-labeled Acetamiprid (Acetamiprid-d6) was purchased from Hayashi Pure Chemical Ind. (Osaka, Japan). Acetamiprid-d3, Clothianidin-d3, imidacloprid-d4, and thiamethoxam-d4 were obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer Inc. (Augsburg, Germany). dinotefuran-d3 was purchased from @rtMolecule (Poitiers, France). All reagents were of analytical grade.
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