Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2-AM) and 3’,3’,3’-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [DiSC3(5)] were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ω-conotoxin MVIIC, rottlerin, 2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)indol-3-yl]-3-(indol-3-yl) maleimide (GF109203X), 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile (Go6976) and N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Echinacoside, dantrolene, dl -threo-beta-benzyl-oxyaspartate (dl -TBOA), 7-chloro-5-(2-chloropheny)-1,5-dihydro-4,1-benzothiazepin-2(3H)-one (CGP37157), 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) (PD98059), ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and all other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Echinacoside
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Echinacoside is a natural compound found in the roots of the Echinacea plant. It is a type of polyphenol and has been used in various laboratory applications. The core function of Echinacoside is to serve as a reference standard or analytical tool in research and testing.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Aloin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
C18 spe columns, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
23 epi 26 deoxyactein, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Withaferin a, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ltq xl, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Dantrolene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester fura 2 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
3 3 3 dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide disc3 5, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
ω conotoxin mviic, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Rottlerin, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
5 6 7 13 tetrahydro 13 methyl 5 oxo 12h indolo 2 3 a pyrrolo 3 4 c carbazole 12 propanenitrile go6976, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
N 2 p bromocinnamylamino ethyl 5 isoquinolinesulfonamide h89, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
2 2 amino 3 methoxyphenyl 4h 1 benzopyran 4 one pd98059, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethylene glycol bis β aminoethyl ether n n n n tetraacetic acid egta, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sl327, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mk2206, by MedChemExpress (1 mentions)
Desipramine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Beijing Chemical Works (1 mentions)
Deuterated water, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions)
Sodium 3 trimethlysilyl 2 2 3 3 d4 propionate tsp d4, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions)
8 protocols using echinacoside
1
Fura-2-AM and DiSC3(5) Calcium Signaling
2
Echinacoside's Antidepressant-like Effects
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Mice were treated with echinacoside (Sigma Aldrich), desipramine (Sigma Aldrich), MK2206 (MedChemExpress), NBQX (Sigma Aldrich) dissolved in 0.9% saline, SL327 (Sigma Aldrich), and rapamycin (Toku-E) dissolved in 0.5% ethanol through an intraperitoneal injection of 0.01 mL/g body weight. The mice in the dose-dependent group were given normal saline, desipramine (20 mg/kg, a tricyclic antidepressant as a positive control) [14 (link)], and echinacoside (20, 30, or 40 mg/kg) 30 min before the FST. The other group was treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (20 mg/kg) [15 (link)] or AMPAR inhibitor NBQX (30 mg/kg) [16 (link)] 30 min before echinacoside (30 mg/kg, ideal dosage derived from the dose-dependent group) or saline and the Akt inhibitor MK2206 (60 mg/kg) [17 (link)] or ERK inhibitor SL327 (40 mg/kg) [18 (link)] 1 h before echinacoside or saline administration.
3
Preparation of Isotope-Labeled Compounds
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methanol-d4 (CD3OD, deuterium abundance, 99.8 atom % D), deuterated water (D2O, deuterium abundance, 99.8 atom % D), and sodium 3-trimethlysilyl [2,2,3,3-d4] propionate (TSP-d4) were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). Analytical grade methanol was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China).
Authentic compounds, including echinacoside, acteoside, and mannitol, were purified from CD in our laboratory previously14 , and sucrose, β-galacose, along with β-glucose were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The purities of all references were determined to be more than 98% by HPLC–UV and 1H NMR analyses.
Authentic compounds, including echinacoside, acteoside, and mannitol, were purified from CD in our laboratory previously14 , and sucrose, β-galacose, along with β-glucose were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The purities of all references were determined to be more than 98% by HPLC–UV and 1H NMR analyses.
4
Echinacoside and MPTP Neuroprotection
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Echinacoside (ECH, CAS Number 82854–37-3), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP, M0896), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+, D048), 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, M2128) and Chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ, C6628) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. EX527 (HY-15452) was purchased from MedChemExpress. DMEM and foetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco.
5
LC-MS/MS Analysis of Botanical Supplements
6
Phytochemical Analysis of Harpagophytum and Verbascum
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All solvents and chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy) except when otherwise specified. The Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. dry extract was kindly provided by Bionap (Belpasso, Catania, Italy), it was a commercial sample standardized to the content of harpagoside (12%) determined by HPLC analysis. The reference compounds used in the V. thapsus HPLC analysis were samioside (internally purified to purity of 80% by HPLC), forsythoside B (purity of 95% by HPLC), verbascoside (purity of 91% by HPLC), isoverbascoside (purity of 84% by HPLC), martynoside (purity of 98% by HPLC) (PhytoLab GmbH & Co. Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany) and echinacoside (purity 98% by HPLC) (Sigma-Aldrich, Milano, Italy).
7
Quantification of Phytochemical Standards
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Standards of loganin (Lot No. 36483), echinacoside (Lot No. 07538), Verbascoside (Lot No. V4015), Erianin (Lot No. PHL83499), Cinnamic Acid (Lot No. C80857), Tenuifolin (Lot No. PHL83546), Quercetin (Lot No. PHR1488), Ruscogenin (Lot No. SMB00295), Kaempferol (Lot No. 60010), Beta-sitosterol (Lot No. S1270), and Schisandrin (Lot No. SML0054) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (St. Louis, MO, United States). Formic acid, methanol, ammonium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, and acetonitrile used in UPLC were provided by Fisher Scientific Co. LLC (Fair Lawn, NJ, United States). The ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ⋅cm) used in the experiment was prepared with Milli-Q IQ 7003 purified water system (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany).
8
LC-MS/MS Analysis of Botanical Supplements
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LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a Thermo Scientific LTQ XL mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled to a Dionex Ultimate 3000 HPLC system equipped with a micro vacuum degasser, an autosampler, and diode-array detector (DAD) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). All extractions were carried out with HPLC grade solvents. Sample preparation was performed using C18 SPE columns purchased from Agilent Technologies (Wilmington, DE, USA). Standard compounds aloin, echinacoside, and withaferin A were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 23-epi-26-deoxyactein was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The following botanical supplements were purchased by mail order from Amazon.com : Black cohosh-1 (540 mg, root), Black cohosh-2 (540 mg, root), Ashwagandha-1 Ksm-66 tablets (600 mg, root - standardized to contain 5% withanolides and 200 mg of L-theanine), Ashwagandha-2 Ksm-66 capsules (900 mg, root), Echinacea-1 (400 mg, Echinacea purpurea aerial components), and Echinacea-2 (400 mg, Echinacea purpurea aerial components).
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