Nine right-handed PD patients undergoing STN electrode (Medtronic model 3387) implantation for deep brain stimulation (age: 47 – 67y, mean: 55.8; 3 female) took part in the experiment. Patients were tested on their usual therapeutic medications to best normalize motor and cognitive abilities. Patients were tested 1-4 days after surgery, when the leads remained externalized, prior to connection to the pulse generator. All patients provided written informed consent and the protocol was approved by the University Health Network (Toronto) Research Ethics Board.
Model 3387
Manufactured by Medtronic
Sourced in United States
The Medtronic Model 3387 is a compact, portable laboratory equipment designed for precise and reliable measurement tasks. It features a high-resolution display, intuitive controls, and a robust construction for use in a variety of laboratory settings. The core function of this model is to provide accurate and consistent data collection capabilities to support various research and analytical applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Activa pc, by Medtronic (2 mentions)
Leksell stereotactic frame, by Elekta (2 mentions)
Activa rc, by Medtronic (1 mentions)
Framelink software, by Medtronic (1 mentions)
Model g, by Elekta (1 mentions)
Leksell surgiplan, by Elekta (1 mentions)
Model 3389, by Medtronic (1 mentions)
Leksell stereotactic head frame, by Elekta (1 mentions)
21 protocols using model 3387
1
Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Patients
2
Functional Connectivity Changes in PD Patients with DBS
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From August 2020 to December 2020, a total of 43 PD patients implanted with bilateral quadripolar DBS electrodes (Model 3387, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN; L302, PINS, Beijing; Model 1210, SceneRay, Suzhou) were recruited for MRI scanning. All the patients were right-handed. Twelve patients were excluded from the scanning, as follows: seven patients declined to participate, two were excluded due to MRI contraindications, and the other three were excluded because their DBS electrodes were at globus pallidus interna (GPi) instead of STN. Therefore, 31 patients underwent scanning with the DBS device on, and then 23 of them were rescanned using the same MRI protocol after turning off the DBS device for about 1 h. Eight patients did not undergo the second scan: three patients refused to turn off the DBS, and the other five were unable to complete the second MRI scan because their symptoms of tremor became too severe after turning off the DBS device. The flowchart for the study and the population recruitment process is shown in Fig. 1 .![]()
Study procedure and patient inclusion.
3
Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation
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Bilateral DBS leads (Medtronic model 3387 Minneapolis, MN), each with four contacts (model 3387; 1.5 mm inter-contact spacing), were implanted in the SCC (Fig. 1A ). The surgical implantation procedure has been described in [9 (link)]. MR-diffusion image acquisition and registration procedures, as well as tractography processing, were conducted prior to surgery. Using these patient-specific tractography models, investigators identified the “optimal” target in each hemisphere as the convergence point of white matter fibers (forceps minor, cingulum bundle, frontostriatal fibers, and uncinate fasciculus) in the SCC region [9 (link)].Experimental design and analytic procedures. ![]()
4
Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation Targeting
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When selecting GPi or STN as the target, each patient’s profile was carefully evaluated including motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms and medications, especially severity of dyskinesias, dystonia, axial symptoms, cognition and mood problems (Ramirez-Zamora and Ostrem, 2018 (link)). All patients underwent 3.0 Tesla MRI before surgery. We applied the Leksell stereotactic frame to the patient’s head followed by a head CT scan. The specific target coordinates and trajectory were defined using the SurgiPlan system after the coregistration of MRI-CT images, targeting the posterior GPi. All patients were implanted bilaterally with DBS leads simultaneously (model 3,387; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) under general anesthesia. The implantable pulse generators (Activa RC, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were placed subclavicularly and connected with electrodes via subcutaneous wires at the same day. Postoperative head CT scan was performed and the image study was fuse to the preoperative targeting MRI to confirm satisfactory electrode placement of DBS leads and absence of complications. Each patient was carefully programmed monthly within the first half year after surgery to achieve optimal stimulation settings, and was followed by regular visits every 3 months or as clinically indicated.
5
Stereotactic DBS Procedure for VC/VS Targeting
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For a detailed description of our stereotactic DBS procedures, see also previous publications (21 , 22 , 23 ). In short, all the surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia with remifentanil and propofol. A Leksell stereotactic frame (Model G, Elekta Instrument Stockholm, Sweden) was mounted on the skull and a perioperative CT‐scan of the head with frame was acquired and fused with the preoperative MR images using Framelink software (Medtronic, Fridley, USA). The planned target was the VC/VS with the stereotactic coordinates: (−) 6 lateral of the middle of the bi‐commissural line (mid AC‐PC), 12 mm anterior of the mid AC‐PC and −3 mm under the bi‐commissural line. The target was adjusted based on the patient's individual anatomy. Typically, we planned a paraventricular trajectory, along which in the first three patients microelectrode recording was performed. As the VC/VS area showed no typical extracellular electrical activity, microelectrode recording was discontinued thereafter. All patients were finally implanted with bilateral quadripolar electrodes (Model 3387, Medtronic, Fridley, USA) along the central trajectory with variable contact points on target (Table 2 ) which were subsequently connected to an IPG (Activa PC, Medtronic, Fridley, USA).
6
Deep Brain Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain
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Eighteen neuropathic pain patients (age: 47.9 ± 10.4 years, mean ± SD) were recruited for this study. All patients underwent DBS surgery at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. The detailed procedures of DBS surgery, including targeting and DBS electrode (quadripolar macroelectrode, Model 3387, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) implantation, have been reported in previous work (Green et al., 2009 (link), Pereira et al., 2013 (link), Wu et al., 2014 (link)). After surgery, the localization of DBS electrodes was confirmed by postoperative MRI. An example of the reconstructed location of the DBS electrode of a patient is shown in Fig. 1 A. All patients signed an informed written consent form, and this study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Oxford Research Ethics Committee B (project number: 13SC0298).![]()
LFPs recorded from the PAG/PVG and a brief procedure for neural state calculation. The electrodes of patient No. 3 were visualized in 3-D using the lead-DBS toolbox (A). Single neural states and combinational neural states were identified by the dynamic neural state identification (DNSI) approach (B-F). R_PAG: right PAG, R_ST: right sensory thalamus. The superscript numbers indicate the activity state of neural oscillations; “0″ represents the desynchronization state, while “1” represents the synchronization state.
7
Evaluating DBS Effects on OCD
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Seventeen participants (10 female; mean age: 44 ± 14.16) with treatment-refractory OCD received ALIC/NAc DBS as part of a clinical trial (Huys et al., 2019 ). Participants received bilateral quadripolar leads (Model 3387 or 3389; Medtronic; Minneapolis, MN, USA) with the two most distal contacts [left: 0,1; right: 8,9] targeting the NAc and two most proximal contacts [left: 2,3; right: 10,11] located in the ALIC. All participants gave written informed consent before the start of the experiment. Participants were assessed shortly after surgery with combined recordings from externalized leads (i.e. LFP recordings) and EEG (n = 15). To investigate the effects of DBS, EEG was also recorded before surgery (n = 14), and at six (n = 15) and twelve month (n = 2) follow-up. All patients performed the DBS-on post-surgery recordings (n = 17). Three patients refused to discontinue stimulation, thus DBS-off recordings were collected in fourteen patients. The sequence of on/off recordings was counterbalanced pseudo-randomly. This study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00005316), approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne (No.12–261) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
8
Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Implantation
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We implanted the DBS electrodes (Model 3387 or 3389; Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) with the assistance of a frame-based, microelectrode-guided, stereotactic technique under general anesthesia. All the patients receiving ANT-DBS, CMN-DBS, and PN-DBS underwent bilateral electrode implantation. In patients with STN-DBS, some patients with specific epilepsy types (such as those with the possible EZ located in the unilateral hemisphere) underwent unilateral electrode implantation. With the help of the high-resolution T1-weighted images, we delineated the thalamus nuclei based on the Morel Stereotactic Atlas. We performed the surgical procedure of the implantation of the DBS leads and the pulse generator (Model 3628 screener, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) based on previous studies (22 (link)). Postoperative computed tomography was performed and registered with the T1-weighted images to confirm the locations of the electrodes.
9
Electrode Implantation for Deep Brain Stimulation
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Surgeries were performed in the Center for Functional Neurosurgery at Ruijin Hospital. Under local anesthesia and light sedation, quadripolar electrodes (Model 3387; Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, United States) were implanted bilaterally using the Leksell stereotactic frame (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden), guided by co-registered high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (3 Tesla, General Electric, Madison, WI, United States) and CT. We obtained post-operative CT from all patients to verify the accuracy of electrode placement. Programming was conducted using standardized protocols (Picillo et al., 2016 (link); Chen et al., 2018 (link)), and was initiated 1 week after surgery. The stimulation contacts were chosen based on the location of the implanted electrodes and the patient’s acute clinical response, as well as on the emergence of side effects to the stimulation delivered. In most cases, the DBS parameters were optimized 3 months after surgery. The mean amplitude, pulse width, and frequency delivered to the right side of the STN were 2.0 ± 0.2 V, 73.3 ± 14.0 μs, and 126.7 ± 8.2 Hz. The clinically most optimal parameter values for the left STN were 2.1 ± 0.2 V, 78.0 ± 13.7 μs, and 125.3 ± 6.4 Hz.
10
Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery Protocol for Parkinson's Disease
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