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5 protocols using alexa fluor 488 conjugated anti rabbit antibody

1

Investigating SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein Modulation

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Human PBMCs were resuspended in α-MEM (supplemented with 10% FBS and human recombinant M-CSF at 20 ng/mL) and seeded onto coverslips (number 1.5 coverslip, 13-mm glass diameter; VWR) in 24-well plates. Cells were cultured for 2 days, and the nonadherent cells were then removed by sequential washes with Dulbecco’s PBS (DPBS) (Gibco). Fresh media with M-CSF were changed every 2 to 3 days until the cells reached 70 to 80% confluence (days 5 to 7). Cells were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 S1 (0.5 μg/mL) protein, with or without various doses of Roneparstat (50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL), for 24 h. For immunostaining, each well was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (15 min at room temperature), followed by two washes with ice-cold TBS. Each coverslip was subsequently incubated with 0.2% Triton X-100 (Sigma) for 10 min, 10% goat serum (Cell Signaling) for 30 min, anti-human p65 primary antibody (1:700; Cell Signaling) overnight at 4°C, and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (1:400; Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 h, and nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (catalog number 422801; BioLegend) for 5 min. Coverslips were mounted onto glass slides (VWR) with ProLong Gold antifade mountant (catalog number P10144; Life Technologies).
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2

Multimodal Tissue Analysis of Tmem2 and HA

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RNAscope ISH assays were performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections according to the manufacturer's instructions. We used a commercial probe for mouse Tmem2 (Mm-Tmem2; cat. # 496041) with RNAscope 2.5HD Reagent Kit-RED (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, 322350). Colorimetric images were captured using a Leica DM2500 light microscope. Some liver sections were double-labeled for Tmem2 mRNA and CD31 protein. For this, sections processed for RNAscope ISH were subsequently incubated with anti-CD31 rabbit monoclonal antibody (clone D8V9E, Cell Signaling), followed by detection of CD31 with AlexaFluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 711-545-152). Deposition of HA in tissues was examined by staining with a biotinylated HABP (hyaluronan binding protein) probe (AMSBIO, AMS.HKD-BC41) and with AlexaFluor 488-conjugated streptavidin (Thermo Fisher, S11223), as described previously (63 (link)). Some tissue sections were immunostained with rabbit polyclonal anti-laminin antibody (Sigma, L9393), followed by rhodamine red X-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Jackson Immuno, 711-295-152). Fluorescence images were captured using a Zeiss LSM710 laser-scanning microscope.
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3

Integrin and AEP Expression in HPMCs

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Detection of integrin α5, integrin β1 and AEP in HPMCs was performed using anti-integrin α5 (Abcam, ab150361), antiintegrin β1 (Abcam, ab134179) and anti-legumain (R&D, AF2199) antibodies. Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Sigma, D9542). Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Jackson, 111-545-003) was used for the detection of anti-integrin antibodies, and Cy3-conjugated anti-goat antibody (Jackson, 705-165-003) was used for the detection of anti-legumain antibody. Images were taken using a Zeiss LSM 510 laser confocal microscope. Quantitative analyses were performed in 5 random fields by counting the number of cells at ×200 magnification.
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4

Immunofluorescence Staining and Confocal Microscopy

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Cells were grown on round coverslips placed in 12-well plates. Following treatments, the cells were washed twice in PBS and fixed by addition of 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. Paraformaldehyde was removed by washing 3× with PBS, then cells were permeabilised for 10 min in 0.2% Triton-X-100. Following three washes in PBS, cells were blocked for 15 min with PBS containing 1% BSA. Cells were then incubated with antibody against Ki67 (ab15580, Abcam) for 1 h, before three subsequent washes with PBS and incubation with anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibody (Jackson Laboratories) for 30 min in the dark. Coverslips were then washed 3× with PBS, allowed to air dry and mounted on microscopic slides with mounting medium containing DAPI (Cambridge Bioscience), for staining of nuclei. Staining was visualised using an LSM 880 confocal microscope (Zeiss) and analysed using Zen software.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining of NF-κB and IRF3

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BMDMs were seeded on plates seeded with coverslips overnights. BMDMs were then treated as indicated at 37°C. Cells were washed in cold PBS and fixed in cold PFA (4% PFA in PBS) for 15 min at RT. Coverslips were washed 3 times with wash buffer (0.05% tween-20 in PBS) to removed residual PFA. Coverslips were permeabilized for 5 min in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and blocked for 1h at RT in blocking buffer (1% BSA, 0.1% fish gelatin, 0.1% Triton-X-100, 0.05% Tween-20, and 5% donkey serum in PBS). Coverslips were stained with the anti-NFκB or anti-IRF3 antibody (1:250 dilution in blocking buffer) (Cell Signaling; #4764 and #4302), respectively) for 2h at RT. Cells were washed 3X with wash buffer and stained with anti-rabbit-Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibody (1 μg/mL) (JacksonImmuno) for 1h at RT. After washing 3X in wash buffer, coverslips were stained with Hoechst 33342 (1:2000) for 10 min at RT. Coverslips were washed 2X in wash buffer prior to mounting with VectaMount medium (Vector Laboratories, CA; #H5000). Mounted samples were cured overnight at RT and imaged within 24h. Images were collected using an Olympus FluoView 1000 under 40X or 60X objective lens. Images were analyzed with ImageJ software.
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