Trans ferulic

Phosphatidylcholine (egg yolk), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium cholate, sodium carbonate, Triton X-100, a mixture of penicillin, neomycin, streptomycin dissolved in 0.9% NaCl (PSN), L-ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide 30% (w/w) (H₂O₂), PBS, fetal equine serum (FES), Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM), and 0.25% trypsin-ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid (EDTA) solution were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) standards, catechin hydrate, (-)epicatechin, rutin hydrate, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, and trans-resveratrol, as well as caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, gallic, rosmarinic, protocatechuic, caftaric, vanillic, syringic, trans-ferulic, ellagic dihydrate, and chicoric acids, were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Rhodamine B from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany), WGA-AlexaFluor 488 conjugate from Thermo Fischer (Waltham, Massachusetts State or Province, US), and Hoechst 33342 from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon, US) were used as fluorophores. The murine fibroblast cell line (L-929) was obtained from ATCC^®CRL-6364™ (Manassas, Virginia, US) and the CellTiter96^®aqueous non-radioactive cell proliferation assay was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulfonic acid) (ABTS), fluorescein, 2,2′-Azobis (2-methylpropion-amidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), Trolox, gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, gentisic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, catechuic, vanillic, caffeic, chlorogenic, syringic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, trans-ferulic, t-iso-ferulic, sinapinic, and cinnamic and ferulic acids were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Canada Ltd., Oakville, ON, Canada). All the chemicals and reagents used in the study are analytical grade.

Cyanidin (Cy) 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin (Dp) 3-O-glucoside, eriodictyol (E), homoeriodictyol (HE), naringenin, and hesperetin were purchased from TransMIT (Geiben, Germany). Hesperidin, eriocitrin, and naringenin were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Caffeic (CA; also known as 3,4-di-hydroxycinnamic acid), gallic (GA; also known as 3,4,5-tri-hydroxybenzoic acid), 3,4-di-hydroxyphenylacetic (DHPAA), hippuric (HA), trans-ferulic (TFA; also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), trans-isoferulic (TIFA; also known as 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid), and vanillic (VA; also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) acids, 2,4,6-tri-hydroxybenzaldehyde (THBA), and catechol (CAT; also known as benzene-1,2-diol) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Formic acid and acetonitrile of analytical grade were obtained from Fisher-Scientific (Loughborough, UK). All solutions were prepared with ultrapure deionized water from a Milli-Q Advantage A10 ultrapure water purification system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).