Commercial poly(lactic acid) (PLA, Mw = 280kDa, Mw/Mn = 1.98) from Natureworks LLC (Blair, NE, USA) was used as the biodegradable matrix. Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC, Mw = 100 kDa, Mw/Mn = 1.70) was synthesized in our laboratory. According to previous reports, [13 (link),14 (link)] using trimethylene carbonate as monomer and 1.5‰ stannous octoate as catalyst, polytrimethylene carbonate (PTMC) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization under the 130 °C for 4 h. Oregano essential oil was supplied by dōTERRA Co., Ltd. (New York, NY, USA). Chloroform was obtained from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, gallic acid standard and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.
Gallic acid standard
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Gallic acid standard is a reference material used for the quantitative analysis of gallic acid in various samples. It is a pure chemical compound with a known concentration that can be used to calibrate analytical instruments and verify the accuracy of test results.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Ethanol, by ITW Reagents (6 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Lach-Ner (4 mentions)
Formic acid, by Lach-Ner (4 mentions)
Sodium carbonate anhydrous, by ITW Reagents (4 mentions)
Quercetin standard, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Anhydrous sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Lach-Ner (3 mentions)
Quercetin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Sodium acetate trihydrate resistant to potassium permanganate, by Kemika (3 mentions)
Iron 3 chloride hexahydrate, by Kemika (3 mentions)
Trolox standard 6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid, by Biosynth (3 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Lach-Ner (3 mentions)
Hplc 99 pure methanol, by Honeywell (3 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 pycrilhydrazyl, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
54 protocols using gallic acid standard
1
Biodegradable PLA-PTMC Film with Oregano Oil
2
Extraction and Analysis of Sesame Seed
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The SS used in this study were acquired from a local market (Yoo Lim Oil Manufacture, Seoul, Korea), which were collected and imported from China during 2014 and 2015. They were stored in sacks before usage at a room temperature of 24 ± 2°C (mean ± range). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, n-hexane, water, and mEthanol were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). BaP standard was from WAKO (Osaka, Japan). Ethanol, ethyl ether, potassium hydroxide, chloroform, iodine, acetic acid, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, starch indicator, and sodium carbonate, were from DUKSAN (Ansan, Korea). Thymolphthalein was from DAEJUNG (Siheung, Korea). Bromine was from SAMCHUN (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and gallic acid standard were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sesamol standard was from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd (Chengdu, China). Sesamolin standard was from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China).
3
Quantifying Total Phenolic Content
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The total phenolic content was determined through the Folin–Ciocalteau reagent [33 (link)]. Briefly, a solution of the test extracts (20 μL), 10% Folin–Ciocalteau reagent (40 μL), and 7.35% sodium carbonate (140 μL) were added to a well of a 96-well plate. The blank comprised deionized water (20 μL), 10% Folin–Ciocalteau reagent (40 μL), and 7.35% sodium carbonate (140 μL). The mixture reacted in the dark for 1 h, and then absorbance was measured at 765 nm using a Thermo Scientific Varioscan LUX microplate reader (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The absorbance values were converted to total phenolic content using a calibration curve previously constructed with a gallic acid standard (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Thus, the total phenolic contents were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of seed powder (mg eq gallic acid/100 g dsp). Determinations were performed by using three biological and three technical replicates. The analytical method performance was monitored for each analysis batch, involving five QC samples spiked with 10% gallic acid to assess the method response variations (CV < 5%).
4
Tara Seed Oil Antioxidant Extraction
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Refined, bleached, and deodorized tara seed oil was obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction from tara powder (60 mesh) prepared from fresh tara seeds (Wonderful variety) that were collected from Yunnan Province, China in September, 2014. The α-tocopherolactalso also as an antioxidant, which content was very low (< 4.3 mg kg−1), and the oil contained no synthetic antioxidants, all reagents and solvents were either of HPLC or analytical grade. BHA, BHT, TBHQ, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid standard, catechin standard, and free radicals, and CA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
5
Olive Mill Pomace Phytochemical Characterization
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The olive mill pomace (OMP) samples were obtained from a continuous two-phase centrifugation system by a local olive oil mill in Portugal (Vilas Boas, Vila Flor, Bragança, 41359822, -7123743). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid standard, Trolox standard, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium carbonate anhydrous were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein were also obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents such as hexane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from VWR International (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Additionally, hydrochloric acid solution at 37% v/v and acetic acid standardized solution 0.1 N were also obtained from VWR International (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). All the reagents were either chromatographic or analytical grade and used as received.
6
Antioxidant Capacity Determination
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Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid standard, 2,20-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), and 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox standard) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Analytical grade solvents and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
7
Extraction and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds from DWVs
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DWVs were ground using a mortar and pestle, and the fine powder (0.1 g) was homogenized with acidic MeOH (MeOH: concentrated HCl = 99:1; v/v) to extract the phenolic compounds. The homogenized mixture was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min at 10 °C. The total phenolic content of the supernatant was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method [36 ]. The extract (0.1 mL), MeOH (0.1 mL), and the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (0.1 mL) were mixed in a new tube, and incubated for 6 min in the dark at room temperature. Next, 20% Na2CO3 (0.7 mL) was added to the tube. The mixture was then vortexed and incubated for 60 min in the dark at room temperature. Finally, the mixture was centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 3 min at 4 °C. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 735 nm using a spectrophotometer (Epoch 2; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). A gallic acid standard (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) curve was used to calculate the total phenolic content.
8
Gallic Acid Quantification Protocol
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Gallic acid standard was provided by Sigma-Aldrich® (Steinheim, Germany). While the ethanol was provided by Aga® (Prior Velho, Portugal), the Glacial acetic acid, acetone, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, potassium iodate GR, sodium carbonate, and Thin layer chromatography (TLC) cellulose plates were provided by Merck® (Darmstadt, Germany). All of the reagents used were of analytical grade.
9
Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Encapsulation Efficiency
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The TPC of the GSM and the encapsulation efficiency (EE %) were evaluated, following literature [24 (link)]. Briefly, the TPC content was assessed after complete dissolution of the extract into ethanol:acetic acid:water (50:8:42 v:v:v): the dispersion was agitated at room temperature using a Vortex (1 min) and then an ultrasonicator twice for 20 min.
TPC was evaluated according to the Folin assay and expressed as mg of GAE per 100 g of GSM by means of a calibration curve with a gallic acid standard (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) between 100 and 800 mg/L [23 (link)]. The surface TPC was assessed as the amount of phenolic compounds that solubilise into ethanol:methanol after only 1 min Vortex at room temperature. The EE % was then calculated according to TPC of doughs and biscuits was evaluated always according to the Folin assay as reported for GSM and expressed as mg GAE/100 g dry matter, following literature [18 (link)] for phenols extraction.
TPC was evaluated according to the Folin assay and expressed as mg of GAE per 100 g of GSM by means of a calibration curve with a gallic acid standard (≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) between 100 and 800 mg/L [23 (link)]. The surface TPC was assessed as the amount of phenolic compounds that solubilise into ethanol:methanol after only 1 min Vortex at room temperature. The EE % was then calculated according to TPC of doughs and biscuits was evaluated always according to the Folin assay as reported for GSM and expressed as mg GAE/100 g dry matter, following literature [18 (link)] for phenols extraction.
10
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Propolis
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PCL (Mw=80 kDa), CTS (Mw=310-375 kDa, >75% deacetylate), DAPI powder, glacial acetic acid, T25 and T75 cell culture flasks, 96-well plates, ethanol, Whatman filter paper No. 1, Folin–Ciocalteu Reagent, sodium carbonate, methanol, gallic acid standard, quercetin standard, ethanol, potassium acetate, aluminum chloride, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12 (DMEM) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Micro-culture thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Invitrogen (USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), streptomycin, penicillin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Life Technologies Inc (USA). Raw propolis was obtained from Yas Company (Iran).
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