Murine interferon γ ifnγ

Quercetin, rutin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin chloride (Indofine Chemical Comp., Hillsborough, NJ) were dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), penicillin, streptomycin, 0.05% (w/v) trypsin/EDTA, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were obtained from GIBCO (Gaithersburg, MD). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (rough strains) from Escherichia coli F583 (Rd mutant) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Murine interferon-γ (IFNγ) was purchased from R & D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Fetal bovine serum was from Atlanta Biologicals (Lawrenceville, GA).

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from E. coli 0111:B4) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Murine interferon-γ (IFNγ) was purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Thermo Scientific (Logan, Utah, USA). Antibodies used for Western blotting include: goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase, goat anti-mouse IgG-horseradish peroxidase, and iNOS polyclonal from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA USA); phospho- and total-ERK1/2 antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); phospho-STAT1α antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA); and total-STAT antibody from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). The 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H₂DCFDA) for ROS detection was purchased from Invitrogen, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA, USA). For the cytokines and chemokines analysis, a Multi-Plex kit (Cat. MCYTOMAG-70K-PMX) was obtained from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Protease inhibitor cocktail (P8340) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).