A three-dimensional motion analysis device (VICON MX®, Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, England) was used for measurement. It consisted of nine infrared cameras set-up in a laboratory. The sampling frequency was 250 Hz [7 (link)]. Thirty-nine infrared light reflecting markers were pasted on the body of each participant following the plug-in-gait model [8 ]. After their preferred sufficient preferred warm-up period (e.g., static and dynamic stretching, throwing exercises, and pitching specific exercises), the participants stood barefooted on level ground, threw a ball towards the net that was set 5 m ahead with their full strength. The speed of the ball was measured using a speed gun (Stalker Sports II, Applied Concepts Ltd., Plano, TX, USA) placed behind the net. The measurement was conducted five times, and the data of the fastest trial were analyzed. The analysis was conducted at MER and BR [9 (link),10 (link)].
Vicon mx
Manufactured by Vicon Motion Systems
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Vicon MX is a motion capture system designed for professional-grade data collection. It utilizes high-performance cameras to accurately track the movement of markers placed on subjects or objects. The core function of the Vicon MX is to provide precise, real-time tracking data that can be used in a variety of applications.
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13 protocols using vicon mx
1
Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis of Ball Throwing
2
3D Postural Analysis Using Motion Capture
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Standing posture was measured using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with 10 infrared cameras (Vicon MX, Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK), two force plates (AMTI, Watertown, MA), and a spinal mouse (Idiag AG, Fehraltorf, Switzerland). The force plates and the 3D motion analysis apparatus each had a sampling frequency of 100 Hz (Fig 2 ).
3
Lower Extremity Kinematics Analysis
4
3D Kinematic Analysis of Single-Leg Vertical Drop Jump
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A 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with 8 cameras (Vicon MX; Vicon Motion Systems) was used to record lower extremity kinematic data during the single-leg vertical drop jump. The sampling rate for kinematic data was set at 240 Hz. Thirty-five reflective markers were placed on specific anatomical landmarks (left and right front heads, left and right back heads, 7th cervical vertebrae, 10th thoracic vertebrae, clavicle, sternum, right back, shoulders, lateral epicondyles of elbow, medial wrists, lateral wrists, second metacarpal heads, anterior superior iliac spines, posterior superior iliac spines, lateral thighs, lateral epicondyles of knee, lateral thigh tibias, lateral malleoli, second metatarsal heads, and heels). The Vicon Plug-in-Gait model was used to drive lower extremity kinematic data. Two force plates (AMTI MSA-6) were used to record ground reaction force during the landing phase of each single-leg vertical drop jump. The sampling rate for ground reaction forces was set at 1200 Hz.
5
Gait Analysis in Biomechanics Lab
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The gait lab is equipped with a 12-m walkway and two piezoelectric force plates embedded in the center (Type 9287A, Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). A 12-camera optoelectronic system (Vicon MX, Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) was used to measure the kinematic parameters. To determine joint positions in space, reflective markers were attached to the following anatomical reference points: fifth metatarsal-phalangeal joint, prominence of the lateral malleolus, knee center as defined by Nietert (prosthetic side knee axis), greater trochanter, acromion, lateral epicondyle of the humerus and styloid process of the ulna. Synchronously, video recordings (Panasonic, 50 Hz) were taken from every trial.
6
Comprehensive Gait Analysis using 3D Motion Capture
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We measured gait variables (spatiotemporal and kinematic gait variables) by using a 3D motion analysis system (VICON-MX) that included ten T10 cameras (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) and four synchronized force plates (Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc., Watertown, MA, USA) placed in the middle of a 10-meter walkway (Fig 1 ). We placed two cones at each end of the walkway. All cameras and force plates were calibrated before data collection. The sampling rate was set at 100 Hz for cameras and force plates.
Height and weight were measured prior to gait assessment to control for body size differences, and spatiotemporal variables were normalized for each trait in accordance with the method described by Hof [32 ]. The 14 mm retro-reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks (front and back of the head, 7th cervical vertebrae, 10th thoracic vertebrae, clavicle, sternum, the middle of right scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, shank, knee, shin, ankle, heel, and toe) according to the Plug-in-Gait marker set. Participants were instructed to walk with bare feet to the cone at their own pace. All participants conducted a few warm-up trials to acclimatize to the gait laboratory setting before placing makers.
Height and weight were measured prior to gait assessment to control for body size differences, and spatiotemporal variables were normalized for each trait in accordance with the method described by Hof [32 ]. The 14 mm retro-reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks (front and back of the head, 7th cervical vertebrae, 10th thoracic vertebrae, clavicle, sternum, the middle of right scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, shank, knee, shin, ankle, heel, and toe) according to the Plug-in-Gait marker set. Participants were instructed to walk with bare feet to the cone at their own pace. All participants conducted a few warm-up trials to acclimatize to the gait laboratory setting before placing makers.
7
3D Lumbar Spine Kinematic Measurement
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To quantitatively measure the 3-dimensional (3D) lumbar spine kinematics, the torso and the pelvis were monitored using 8 optoelectronic motion capture cameras (Vicon MX20+, Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, United Kingdom). These cameras monitored the location of 6 individual spherical reflective markers (Vicon MX, 12.5 mm in diameter, Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, United Kingdom), adhered to the skin overlying the right and left acromion, iliac crests, and greater trochanters (these were removed after calibration), and 2 rigid marker clusters, 1 over the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra and 1 over the sacrum, each instrumented with 5 noncollinear individual spherical reflective markers. All individual markers and rigid marker clusters were affixed to the participant's skin with adhesive tape. Three-dimensional lumbar spine kinematic signals were continuously collected for the duration of each trial and were sampled at a rate of 60 Hz. These data were collected using Vicon Nexus 1.7 software (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, United Kingdom) and securely stored on a password-protected personal computer.
8
Biomechanics of Batting Motion Analysis
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Motion analysis was performed with the examiner and participants blinded to the MRI evaluation. Each participant wore a sleeveless shirt, tight shorts, socks, sneakers, and a cap during testing. Each participant had 47 markers attached to their body and 6 markers on the bat. The movement was tee batting with 3 swings each. The height of the tee was adjusted to the height of the participant’s belt, and the position was adjusted to the center of the base. Each participant was instructed to hit toward center field with his normal batting motion. For each participant, data from the swing with the fastest bat speed were used. The test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) between swing trials was very high (0.93). Three-dimensional (3D) coordinate data of the batting motion (body, 47 markers; bat, six markers) were captured using a 14-camera motion capture system (Vicon-MX, Vicon Motion Systems, Ltd., Oxford, UK) at 250 Hz (Fig. 2 ). Ground reaction forces of each leg were recorded on two force plates (9281A, 9287B; Kistler Instruments AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) at 1,000 Hz. The global coordinate system treated the subject’s left-right direction as the x-axis, the anterior-posterior direction as the y-axis, and the vertical direction as the z-axis.
9
Detailed Lumbar Spine Angle Assessment
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We used a 3D motion analysis system (VICONMX, VICON Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) with seven cameras and two force plates (AMTI OR6, Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc., Watertown, MA). Based on previously reported methodology (Tojima et al., 2013 (link)), seven original spherical markers, 14 mm in diameter, were placed on the following anatomical landmarks: right and left posterior superior iliac spines (PSISs) and right and left paravertebral muscles at the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11), T10, T12, and the third sacral vertebra (S3) (Supplement 1 ). In comparison with plug-in-gait model marker sets (Davis et al., 1991 ), the merits of original marker sets allowed us to calculate the detailed lumbar spine angle as four markers were placed on the thoracolumbar area. Furthermore, plug-in-gait model markers were placed over the subject’s whole body. Spherical marker trajectories and ground reaction forces were recorded during trunk extension at 100 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively, using the 3D motion analysis system.
10
3D Gait Analysis of Healthy Young Males
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For 3D analysis, a Vicon MX (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK) optoelectronic system with seven infrared cameras (type T10, resolution 1 megapixel, frequency 200 Hz) was used. The participants were asked to walk on an 8 m long walkway including two force plates (type: 9286AA, Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). The positions of the lower limb segments and the pelvis were determined using the PlugInGait Model (16 markers) with consideration of marker placement error (Szczerbik and Kalinowska, 2011 (link)).
Each participant executed five trials at speeds ranging from 1.38 to 1.52 m·s-1. This velocity range was determined during a preliminary study as the natural speed of the walk in young male subjects.
Angles at the ankle, knee, hip and pelvis in the sagittal, frontal and transversal planes were evaluated at specific gait cycle phases, as determined by force plates and the kinematic system as follows:
Each participant executed five trials at speeds ranging from 1.38 to 1.52 m·s-1. This velocity range was determined during a preliminary study as the natural speed of the walk in young male subjects.
Angles at the ankle, knee, hip and pelvis in the sagittal, frontal and transversal planes were evaluated at specific gait cycle phases, as determined by force plates and the kinematic system as follows:
initial contact (IC),
opposite toe off (oTO),
heel rise (HR),
opposite initial contact (oIC),
toe off (TO),
maximal knee flexion (MKF),
tibia in the vertical position (TV).
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