2 methoxyestradiol 2 me

The QuantiFERON^®—TB Gold Plus, RNeasy Mini Kit, and SYBR Green PCR kit were purchased from Qiagen^® (Hilden, Germany). The High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit and NF-κB p65 (Total/Phospho) Human InstantOne^™ ELISA Kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada), and the BD OptEIA Human TNF Set Kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA).

Deferoxamine (DFO), CoCl₂, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), MitoTEMPO, U0126, 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), Y294002, SB203580, Ro31-8220, rapamycin, BML-275, trichostatin A (TSA) and 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO. USA), and MitoPQ, MitoSOX-Red and 2‐(N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐NBD‐glucose) were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively. AR-C155858 and SP600125 were supplied by Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK), and, syrosingopine was obtained from Extrasynthese SA (Lyon, France), respectively. TX-402 was a gift from Dr. H. Nagasawa, Gifu Pharmaceutical University. rapamycin was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA); BAY11-7082 was from AdipoGen Life Sciences (San Diego, CA, USA); PF-4708671 and KU-0063794 were from Selleck Chemicals LLC (Houston, TX, USA), and chaetocin was from Enzo Life Science (Farmingdale, NY, USA).

A stock solution of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared in DMSO. Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) (Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted at 40 mM in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% FBS. A549 cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATTC).