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11 protocols using fluvastatin

1

Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

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The hormone sensitive PC cell lines, LNCaP and 22RV1 were used for the in vitro studies. LNCaP and 22RV1 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 and supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. For the cell proliferation studies, all PC cells were cultured in Phenol-Red free RPMI 1640/10% charcoal-stripped FBS. 293T cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) with 10% FBS and antibiotics. All cell lines were regularly screened for mycoplasma (Sigma Venor GeM Mycoplasma Detection Kit). DHEAS was obtained from BioVender R&D Products. Atorvastatin was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, and fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin were purchased from Selleckchem.
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2

Statin Efficacy in Renal Cancer

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All cell lines used in this study were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; Caisson Labs #25-500, North Logan, UT) + 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; Omega Scientific #FB-12, Tarzana, CA) + 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Caisson Labs #25-512) in 5%CO2, 21%O2 at +37°C. The cell lines used in this study were a gift from Dr. Giaccia (Stanford). The identities of RCC4, RCC10, and 786-O were confirmed via STR analysis through the University of Arizona Genetics Core.786-OT1 cells are a sub-line of 786-O described in (5 ). Simvastatin, Pravastatin, mevalonate, GGPP, squalene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), Fluvastatin, Lovastatin (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX), and Arachidonic acid (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA). Fluvastatin and Pravastatin were diluted in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and serially diluted for each experiment. Simvastatin and Lovastatin were dissolved in ethanol and activated in 0.1N NaOH by incubation at 50°C for 2 hours, followed by neutralization with 1N HCl, and dilution to 20mM in DMSO. The vehicle control was subjected to the same process and is approximately 20% ethanol and 80% DMSO.
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3

Lipid Metabolism Regulation Assays

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The chemical reagents atorvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin, MF-438, diltiazem, carfilzomib, ispinesib, and selinexor were purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). These chemicals were dissolved in DMSO (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA) and diluted to their final concentrations. Mevalonolactone, cholesterol, and oleic acid–albumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; these reagents were dissolved in distilled water.
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4

Signaling Pathways Modulation in Cellular Study

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Fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and BIX02189 (a specific inhibitor of ERK5) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX) [27 (link)]. AGE-BSA was obtained from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany), and MTT reagents were purchased from Amresco (Solon, Ohio). Antibodies were purchased from the following vendors: ERK1/2 (#9102, anti-rabbit), ERK5 (#3372, anti-rabbit), phosphor-ERK1/2 (#9106, anti-rabbit) and phospho-ERK5 (#3371, anti-rabbit) from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA), Nrf2 (sc-13032, 200 μg/ml, anti-rabbit), NQO1 (sc-32739, μg/ml, anti-mouse), CDK4 (sc-260 C-22, 100 μg/ml, anti-rabbit), p27 (sc-528 C-19, 100 μg/ml, anti-rabbit) and HA (anti-rabbit) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), HO-1 (ADI-SPA-895, 1 mg/ml, anti-rabbit) from Enzo lifesciences, cyclin D (06–137, 1 mg/ml, anti-rabbit) from Millipore and tubulin (anti-mouse) from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).
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5

Evaluating Statin's Impact on Breast Cancer Cell Growth

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Efficacy of fluvastatin (SelleckChem), a hydrophilic statin, to inhibit the growth and survival of MCF10.AT1 and MCF10.DCIS cells was measured by colony formation assay which evaluates the ability of single cells to form colonies when plated at a low cell density of about 40–80 cells/ 6 well plate. About sixteen hours after plating the cells, these were treated with various doses of fluvastatin (5 µM and 10 µM) and allowed the cells to grow for 12 days. At the end of treatment period, culture media was aspirated, the colonies were stained with crystal violet (Sigma Aldrich) and any cell cluster bigger than 40 cells was counted manually.
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6

Circadian Lipid Metabolism Modulation

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As lipid metabolism follows a circadian rhythm, each treatment was administered at the same time of day, between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m. (ZT 2–3). Fluvastatin (Sellekchem) was dissolved in 100% Dimethylsulfoxide-DMSO at 6 mg/ml. On the day of administration, aliquots of Fluvastatin were diluted in sterile saline such that the desired dose for a 20 g mouse was given in 100 μl. Male mice were injected intraperitoneally with a twice weekly 1.5 mg/kg body weight dose from ages P28 to P56. Female mice were injected intraperitoneally with a weekly dose of 3 mg/kg body weight from 6 to 32 weeks of age. Vehicle controls (1:10 DMSO:saline) were administered at the same rate.
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7

Synergistic Chemo-Statin Combination Protocol

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The chemotherapeutic agents used included doxorubicin (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), paclitaxel (LKT Laboratories Inc.. St. Paul, MN, USA) and topotecan (Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Canada). The statin drugs used in the research include atorvastatin (Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Toronto, Canada), fluvastatin (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), lovastatin (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), mevastatin (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), pravastatin (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and simvastatin (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Mevalonolactone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in RPMI-1640 medium (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and titrated with NaOH to a pH of 7.8 to form mevalonate. doxorubicin, fluvastatin and pravastatin were dissolved in distilled water. paclitaxel, topotecan, and atorvastatin were dissolved in methanol. lovastatin, mevastatin and simvastatin were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The chemotherapeutic agents, statins, and mevalonate were aliquoted and stored at − 80 °C.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid-Lowering Compounds

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The following compounds were purchased from commercial vendors: fluvastatin (S1909, Selleck Chemicals), atorvastatin (S2077, Selleck Chemicals), lapaquistat (SC-488705, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Ro48–8071 (10006415, Cayman Chemical), AY 9944 (14611, Cayman Chemical), NB-598 (N4536, Sigma), and AZD-3988 (4837, Tocris).
Azalanstat, SR31747, and F12511 were synthesized using previously published methods19 (link),49 (link).
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9

Antibody Detection in Apoptosis Assay

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The following antibodies were used in this study: HMGCR (ab174830, Abcam, Shanghai, China, 1:2500); TC10 (AB32079, Abcam, 1:2000); FNTB (3283-1, epitomics, 1:10,000); cleaved Caspase-3 (9664 s, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, 1:1000); Caspase-3 (9662, Cell Signaling Technology, 1:1000); GAPDH (AP0060; Bioworld, MN, USA, 1:2000); M1 E1 and NS3 (produced by Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China, 1:2000); Tipifarnib (192185-72-1, Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA); Lovastatin (S2061, Selleckchem); Fluvastatin (S1909, Selleckchem); FTI277 (F9803, Sigma, Saint Louis, MO, USA); and FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (556547, BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA, USA).
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10

Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Comparison

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The hormone sensitive prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and 22RV1, were employed in the study. LNCaP and 22RV1 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 and supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. The stable inducible shSLCO2B1-expressing cell lines were used as previously described and maintained in medium containing puromycin1 (link). All cell lines were regularly screened for mycoplasma (Sigma Venor GeM Mycoplasma Detection Kit). Atorvastatin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Abiraterone acetate, fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin were purchased from Selleckchem.
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