Ethanol

Calcitriol, ethanol, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride n-hydrate (DAPI) were obtained from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Dfb ointment (Biostir-AD) was purchased from Biostir Inc. (Osaka, Japan).
Primary antibodies against filaggrin (1:1000 dilution), involucrin (1:1000 dilution), and loricrin (1:1000 dilution) were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-claudin-1 antibody (1:20,000 dilution) was obtained from Spring Bioscience (Pleasanton, CA, USA), anti-occludin antibody (1:1000 dilution) was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA), and anti-ZO-1 antibody (1:4000 dilution) was purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL, USA). The secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor dye were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and diluted 1:1000.

Quercetin, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Ethanol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ethidium bromide, hypoxanthine, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA), trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile, iron(II) perchlorate, hydrogen peroxide, fluorescein, phosphoric acid, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation., Japan. 3’-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) was purchased from Sekisui Medical Co. Ltd., Japan. Dihydroethidium DHE was purchased from Invitrogen, CA. Compound libraries (Core library; for pilot screening) were provided by drug discovery initiative (DDI), the University of Tokyo (https://www.ddi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/). WST-8 was purchased from Dojin Laboratoies, Japan. Xanthine oxidase was purchased from Calbiochem (USA).

Ethanol (99.5%) for molecular biology (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used as a control in this study.
For the human samples, 10 mL of peripheral blood samples were obtained from five patients with benign disease before treatment. All of the patients underwent surgical treatment at Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital and provided informed consent for the use of their samples in this study. The collected peripheral blood samples were deposited in Paxgene Blood ccfDNA Tubes (Preanalytix GmbH, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland). Serum samples were extracted after centrifugation of the blood samples for 15 min (1900 × g, 4°C). The extracted serum samples were placed in 1.5-mL polypropylene round-bottom microtubes (catalog number 131-715C, Fukae Kasei Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan) and were preserved at -80°C in an ultra-low-temperature freezer (MDF-C8V1, Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan).
The Institutional Review Board of Showa University approved the study. We explained the study protocol to the patients before they provided written informed consent. This study was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network in Japan, no. UMIN000017045.

NOB was synthesized by an established method^{50 (link)} and provided by the Ushio Chemix Corp. (Shizuoka, Japan). Geranic acid (85%), choline bicarbonate (~80% in water), dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ (99.5 atom %D), chloroform-d (99.8 atom % D), and phosphate buffered saline tablets were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone, 4% paraformaldehyde phosphate buffer solution, formic acid, and ethanol were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Diethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries (Tokyo, Japan). Porcine skin (Yucatan Micropig) was purchased from Charles River Laboratories International (Yokohama, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available, and all solutions were prepared in deionized and distilled water.

Ethanol (Wako), acetonitrile (Wako), mEthanol (Wako), sulfuric acid (Wako), acetone (Wako), trifluoroacetate (Tokyo Chemical Industry), dimethyl sulfoxide (Wako), MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), LPS and Griess reagent were all purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). An ELx 800 Universal Microplate Reader (BIO-TEK), VD-250R Freeze Dryer (TAITEC), US-105 Sonicator (SND), 5420 Centrifuge (IMOTO), R-300 Rotavapor (BUCHI), V-300 Vacuum Pump (BUCHI), High Performance Flash Chromatography (HPFC) system (Biotage AB), Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) system (EPCLC, Yamazen), Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (PHPLC) system (EPCLC, Yamazen), 1220 Infinity LC (Agilent Technologies), NMR spectrometer (Bruker DRX-600; Bruker Daltonics, Billerica MA, USA), Quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) and JASCO DIP-370 polarimeter (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) were used.

Zinc metal plate (99.5% purity) was purchased from Nilaco Corp. Chloroform (99.0% purity), deionized water and ethanol (99.5%) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MI, USA), while polyvinyl alcohol, PVA was from Kanto Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), and PLLA (Mw: 80–100 kDa) was supplied by Polysciences, Warrington, PA, USA. Zinc chloride salt was also purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries.