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100 protocols using ab150117

1

Western Blot Analysis of Microglia Markers

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Total proteins of BV-2 cells were prepared for the determination of the protein levels of NOX-4, Iba1, NLRP3 and TREM2 with Western blot analysis as previously described [17 (link)]. The primary antibodies in this study include anti-NOX-4 (1:2000, #ab133303, Abcam, USA), anti-Iba1 (1:2000, #ab178846, Abcam, USA), anti-NLRP3 (1:2000, #ab263899, Abcam, USA), anti-TREM2 (1: 1000, #ab209814 Abcam, USA) and anti-β-actin (1:5000, #ab179467, Abcam, USA), and the secondary antibodies (1:2000 #ab150117 Abcam Cambridge, MA, USA). Upon completion of the Western blot assay, the blots were analyzed using NIH Image J software. The following antibodies were used in this study: anti-NOX-4 (#ab133303, Abcam, USA), anti-Iba1 (#ab178846 Abcam, USA), anti-NLRP3 (#ab263899, Abcam, USA), anti-TREM2 (#ab209814, Abcam, USA), anti-β-actin (#ab179467, Abcam, USA) and the secondary antibodies (#ab150117, Abcam, USA).
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of HPLF and Osteopontin

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Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine HPLFs and osteopontin (OPN) expression. The cells were first washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. The cells permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 (T8787-50ML, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were blocked by 5% goat serum for 30 min. Anti-Vimentin antibody (1 : 500, ab137321, Abcam, UK), Anti-Cytokeratin antibody (1 : 500, ab756, Abcam, UK), and Anti-OPN antibody (1 : 1000, ab8448, Abcam, UK) were separately added to the cells and incubated overnight at 4°C. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) (1 : 5000, ab150077, Abcam, UK) and Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) preadsorbed (1 : 5000, ab150117, Abcam, UK) were combined with primary antibody for color rendering for 2 h at room temperature. Finally, the nuclei were stained with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The mounted sections were examined by Leica DM4 B & DM6 B Upright fluorescence biological microscope (Leica, Germany) to observe the fluorescence expression.
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3

Pancreatic Islet Lipid Profiling

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Fresh pancreas samples were treated with 30% sucrose overnight, embedded in OCT, and stored at −80°C. For staining, 10 µm sections were cut and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 1 hour. Sections were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS for 5 minutes, and stained with insulin primary antibody (Sigma I2018, 1:10,000, 30 min), washed, and then secondary antibody (Abcam ab150117, 1:2,000, 30 min). Following rinses with 1x PBS, the ORO working solution was applied for 30 minutes. The sections were then stained with DAPI (ThermoFisher, D1306) in 1% BSA for 1 minute (adapted from Koopman et al.).49 (link) Samples were imaged using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M microscope and an Olympus BX51TF microscope. Image quantification for Islet-LC was performed in ImageJ by tracing the Ins+ area and measuring the ORO-positive area within each islet. Acinar lipid content quantification was performed by tracing the Ins-negative area surrounding the islets. Islet-LC was measured for 19–38 islets per donor. Acinar lipid content was measured on 7–15 images per donor.
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4

Characterization of Lung Cell Markers

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Cells were washed with MACS flow buffer (MACS, 130-091-222) and permeabilized with BD Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD, 554714) prior to incubation with antibodies. Cells were labeled for antibodies against CD90 (Abcam, ab3105; Abcam, ab124527; Abcam, ab23894; BD, 555595), CD105 (Abcam, ab107595; Abcam, ab2529; Abcam, ab11414; R&D Systems, Fab10971p), Pro-SPC (Bioss, bs 10067R; Abcam, ab40879), CCSP (Abcam, ab171957), Epcam (Abcam, ab71916, Abcam, ab168828; Life Technologies, a15755), and Aqp5 (Abcam, ab78486; Abcam, ab85905) and detected by Alexa Fluor 488 (Abcam, ab150117, ab150077) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FitC) (Abcam, ab6840) secondary antibodies. Both unstained and isotype controls (Abcam, ab18419; BD, 559320; Abcam, ab125938) were utilized as controls. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) were obtained from Lonza. Flow Cytometry was performed on the CytoFlex (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN) and analyzed using FCS Express (De Novo Software, Glendale, CA) or CytExpert ((Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN).
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5

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Neuronal Markers

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Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed with rabbit polyclonal anti-Ac-CDK5 (1:200), anti-neuron specific beta-III-tubulin (1:200; Abcam, #ab18207), and mouse monoclonal anti-NeuN (A60; 1:200; Millipore) antibodies. The following secondary antibodies were used: Alexa-488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (ab150077; 1:200; Abcam) or anti-mouse IgG (ab150117; 1:200; Abcam) and Alexa-594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200; Abcam, #ab150084) or anti-mouse IgG (1:200; Abcam, #ab150120). Nuclei were counterstained with 2 μg/ml Hoechst 33258 (Invitrogen, #H3569). Glass coverslips were mounted on methanol-soaked glass slides with Vectashield mounting medium (Vector Laboratories, #H1000). Fluorescence images were observed under an LSM 700 confocal microscope equipped with epifluorescence and LSM image browser (Carl Zeiss).
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6

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Angiogenic Factors

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Tissue sections were incubated overnight with primary antibodies against VEGFA (19003-1-AP; Proteintech, USA), DLL4 (21584-1-AP; Proteintech), CD31 (GB11063-1; Servicebio, China), α-SMA (ab7817; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and ESM1 (ab103590; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). They were subsequently incubated with goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (ab150077; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (ab150117; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), or goat anti-rat IgG H&L (ab150167; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) secondary antibodies. The slides were washed and treated with diaminobenzidine chromogen for 3 to 5 min, yielding a dark brown color. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and scanned at ×40 using a Nano Zoomer 2.0 HT (Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., Hamamatsu, Japan).
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7

Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Cytoskeletal Proteins

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Cells were plated onto glass cover slips in 24-well plates then fixed with formalin or methanol and permeabilized with Triton-X100 in PBS. Cover slips were blocked with fetal bovine serum in PBS or bovine serum albumin in PBST (0.1% Tween-20 in PBS) before incubating with primary and secondary antibodies in PBS. Cover slips were mounted onto microscope slides with Fluoroshield Mounting Medium containing DAPI (ab104139, Abcam). Primary antibodies used were anti-α-tubulin (1:2000, T3559, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-pericentrin (1:1500, ab4448, Abcam), anti-aurora kinase A (1:3000, ab13824, Abcam), anti-polo-like kinase 1 (1:100, sc-17783, Santa Cruz), and anti-kinesin family member 23 (1:500, HPA045208, Atlas antibodies). Secondary antibodies used were anti-mouse-488 (1:250, ab150117, abcam), anti-rabbit-594 (1:250, ab150080, abcam), and anti-rabbit-Cy3 (1:250, ab6939, abcam). Fluorescent images were acquired with an Axioplan 2 microscope (Carl Zeiss) and an AxioCam MRm Camera (Carl Zeiss), or an LSM 880 Airyscan microscope (Carl Zeiss).
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8

Xenograft Model of Breast Cancer

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Twelve specific pathogen-free BALB/c nude mice (4–6 week-old, 20 ± 2 g) [Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, SCXK (Beijing) 2015–0001] were numbered with body weight as a parameter and randomly assigned into two groups (n = 6). The stably transfected 4 × 106 MCF-7 cells by si-SNHG3 or Scramble siRNA were dispersed by 2 mL saline and injected subcutaneously into the right axilla of mice. Tumor volume was measured every 5 days and every 3 days after the 20th day. Mice were suffocated to death by CO2 35 days later. The tumors were taken out and weighed for immunohistochemistry, with every step following the guidance in a literature report [20 (link)]. Primary antibodies used in the immunohistochemistry were anti-Notch1 (1/200, ab8925, Abcam), anti-Notch2 (1/200, ab8926, Abcam) and anti-Notch3 (5 μg/mL, ab23426, Abcam), as well as the secondary antibody (1:1000, ab150117, Abcam) labeled by HRP.
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9

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Differentiation

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Differentiated AFSCs and hESCs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and then washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Fixed cells were treated with 1.5% normal goat serum (X0907; Dako, Santa Clara, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature (22–26 °C) and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. Antibodies (Supplemental Table 1) used in this study included mouse anti-α-actinin, mouse anti-myosin light chain (MLC)2v, and mouse anti-cardiac troponin T (cTnT). After rinsing with PBS, samples were incubated with secondary antibodies (Goat anti mouse Alexa Fluor 488, ab150117 and Goat anti rabbit Alexa Fluor 568, ab175471; Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Fluorescent images were acquired (BX51; OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan). The confocal images were analyzed and quantified by using the Adobe Photoshop.
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10

Immunofluorescence Staining of Microtissues

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Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine the composition of microtissues. The microtissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and then dehydrated with 20% and 30% sucrose, respectively. Before staining, the microtissues were cut into 9-μm flakes using a frozen slicer. Subsequently, the samples were blocked with 10% goat serum (SL038; Solarbio) for 1 h at room temperature after washing with PBS. Then, the samples were incubated overnight at 4 °C with Mouse anti-laminin antibody (1:200; ab 242198; Abcam) and Rabbit anti-fibronectin antibody (1:500; ab268020; Abcam). Next, they were incubated with Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488; 1:200; ab150117; Abcam) and Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 594; 1:200; ab150084; Abcam) secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) was used for 10 min at room temperature to stain the nuclei. Images were taken using a fluorescence microscope (PANNORAMIC Confocal; 3DHISTECH).
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