Matlab r2012

Data were analyzed using MATLAB R2012 and Statistics Toolbox Release 2012b (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States), IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http://www.R-project.org/).
Stay-switch behavior on the first step was analyzed as a function of reward (reward or no reward) and state (common or rare) of the previous trial. Individual stay probabilities were subjected to a repeated-measures ANOVA with reward and state as within-subject factors and group as a between-subject factor.

To measure frequency characteristics of the chip circuitry, the frequency of sinusoidal signals was controlled between 0.10 and 100,000 Hz using a function generator (33120A, Agilent Technologies Inc., USA) or a frequency response analyzer (FRA 5022, NF Co., Japan). The output signals were analyzed using the frequency response analyzer and a spectrum analyzer (R9211C, Advantest Co., Japan). In addition, to illustrate several analog signal waveforms, the output signals were sampled at 200 kHz using an NI PCI-6259 DAQ card (National Instruments, USA) and custom data acquisition software written in MATLAB R2012 (Mathworks, USA).

All measurements will be performed at the same time of the day, under the same conditions and by the same assessor at each time point. Posturographic (CoP) measures for both groups will be collected using an AMTI OR67 force platform (Watertown, MA, USA). The AMTI NetForce software (Watertown, MA, USA) will be used for the acquisition of moments and forces at 200Hz. Data will be recorded, coded, and stored on a personal computer. CoP variables will be calculated in Matlab R2012 (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA).
All primary and secondary posturographic measures will be assessed under 2 static and 4 dynamic conditions for 30 seconds each: (i) standing still with eyes open, (ii) standing still with eyes closed, voluntary sway in the mediolateral direction following a metronome set at (iii) 30Hz and (iv) 60Hz, and multidirectional sway while playing 2 different videogames that challenge (v) anterior-posterior postural control (snowboard) and (vi) medial-lateral postural control (pinguin). It is expected that all assessments, including clinical ones, will be completed within 30 minutes.

The modeling above assumes that all primaquine is completely effective in all individuals. However, if primaquine fails to kill hypnozoites from a proportion of strains, or in a proportion of individuals, then we expect altered dynamics. If primaquine kills only a fraction of hypnozoites, then the equation for S_B+H(t) becomes:
$s_{B+H}\left(t\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& t\le d_1\\ e^{-k(1+Rc)(t-d_2)},& t>d_1\end{array}$
Where R is the fraction of hypnozoites that are resistant to primaquine. We note that in our study we cannot differentiate between this and Equation (2) with a different c.
If primaquine only kills hypnozoites in a subset of individuals, then primaquine resistant individuals will behave as if they have not received primaquine. Thus, if primaquine is only effective in a proportion of individuals, the rate of infection of individuals in the B+H group will be;
$s_{B+H}\left(t\right)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& t\le d_1\\ {Pe}^{-k(t-d_1)}+(1-P)e^{-k(1+c)(t-d_1)},& t>d_1\end{array},$
where P is the proportion of individuals in whom primaquine is effective. The dynamics is illustrated in Fig. 1C. Equations (1), (2) and (4) were fit to the data using the lsqnonlin function in MATLAB R2012 (Release M (2012) The MathWorks Inc, Natick, MA, USA), which uses a nonlinear least-squares method, to understand the contribution of hypnozoites reactivation to the dynamics of P. vivax infection.