Zetasizer zs90

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 65 and used to confirm both the N-succinylation of the chitosan and its functionalisation with CB; whereas both morphology and structure of NSC and NSC-CB were investigated using a Zeiss Σigma™ field emission gun scanning transmission electron microscope (SEM, FEG-STEM). The size of the beads was evaluated using a dynamic light scattering system (DLS) from Zetasizer ZS90 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK).

The hydrodynamic diameter (Z-average) and zeta potential of the TBL-IE2 and TBL-IE2-QD complex were determined with a Zetasizer ZS90 (Malvern^®, Malvern, UK). Briefly, 20 μg/mL samples were placed in polystyrene disposable cells. Each sample was analysed on a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 DLS, at a 90° angle in triplicate, each measurement consisting of 10 runs of 60 s. For the zeta potential and particle size, the samples were placed in folded-capillary disposable cells and evaluated in triplicates of 15 runs. Results were reported as mean ± standard deviations.

For the synthesis of CdSe nanorods, 0.266 g Cd(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O and 0.345 g sodium selenite were added into 50 mL capacity Teflon-lined stainless autoclave, followed by the addition of 20 mL distilled water and 20 mL ethanediamine. The mixture was stirred using magnetic stirrer to a homogeneous system. The autoclave was placed in an oven at 150 °C for 12 h. After completion of the dual time, autoclave is allowed to cool to room temperature. The black product was collected and washed with distilled water and ethanol 6 times respectively and dried at room temperature for further use. The general morphology of the products was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The crystal structure and composition of the sample were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX-2500, JAPAN SCIENCE) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å). CdSe nanorods were dispersed in saline and RPMI medium with a final concentration is 20 μg/mL respectively, and ultrasonic vibration was fully carried out to ensure their dispersion. The solution was allowed to stand for 24 h, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ζ potential characterization of CdSe nanorods, which dispersed in saline and DMEM (0 h and 24 h, respectively) were determined using a Zetasizer (ZS90, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK.).

The average particle size (nm), polydispersion index (PDI) and zeta potential (mV) of the liposomes, with and without 0.2% NOR (w/v) were monitored for 180 days, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) in a ZetaSizer ZS90 (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The measurements were carried out in triplicate (25 °C) and ANOVA/Tukey tests were employed (p < 0.05) for statistical analysis.

The surface charge on the nanoparticles was measured using a Zetasizer ZS90 (Malvern Instrument, Westborough, MA, USA). In brief, a 50 μL chitosan nanoparticle sample was diluted 20 times and transferred to a specialized cuvette for zeta potential measurement. A specialized cuvette containing samples was placed into the sample holder, and three measurements were taken at 25 °C.

The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of MOF and Mn-MOF were determined using DLS (ZetaSizer ZS 90, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). The morphology of MOF and Mn-MOF was observed by TEM (Tecnai G2-20, FEI, Netherlands). PXRD patterns of MOF and Mn-MOF were detected on a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) at a scanning rate of 4º/min with 2θ broadening from 3 to 30° by Cu Ka radiation. TGA of Mn-TCPP, MOF and Mn-MOF was performed on a PerkinElmer Pyris1 TGA (PerkinElmer Instruments, Waltham, MA, USA) from room temperature to 600 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The specific surface area and pore size of MOF and Mn-MOF were determined by the nitrogen adsorption technique at 150 °C on a micromeritics-ASAP 2420-4 system (Norcross, GA, USA). The elemental composition and valence state of Mn-MOF were evaluated by XPS (AXIS-ULTRA DLD-600W, Shimdzu, Japan). UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of MOF and Mn-MOF were conducted on a TU 1901 UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer (Beijing Persee, Beijing, China).