Aqueous ammonia

All used reagents were of analytical grade and distilled water was used for making of all the aqueous solutions. The FeCl₃.6H₂O, FeCl₂.4H₂O, SDS, NaOH (99%), HCl (37%), aqueous ammonia (25 wt%), NaCl, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and Sunitinib malate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The molecular structure of Sunitinib malate is presented in Fig. 7. A stock solution of the Sunitinib malate (100 mg/L) was prepared by dissolving proper amount of Sunitinib malate in dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol and stored at 4 °C. All the solutions were prepared by suitable diluting of the stock solution with distilled water. The Climo-Shaker ISF1-X (Kuhner AG, Switzerland) was used for shacking of the mixtures. A Jenway model 4510 (Stone, UK), pH meter with a glass electrode was applied for the pH measurements. All of spectrophotometric measurements of the solutions were done by a Analytic Jena SPECORD 250 UV–vis spectrophotometer (Germany). The UV detection of Sunitinib malate was performed at 425 nm. The FT-IR spectra of the prepared nanoparticles was carried out by a Shimadzu prestige-21 (Japan) FT-IR spectrophotometer in the range of 400–4000 cm^-1. The structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was characterized by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, LEO 1430VP).Figure 7

Structure of Sunitinib Malate (SM).

The selected analyte which is Rhodamine B (RB) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl₂·4H₂O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) were purchased from R&M Chemicals, Tamil Nadu, India. Aqueous ammonia (25%) was supplied by Merck, Germany. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was reproduced by a Sartorius Milli-Q system (Aubagne, France) instruments. All the solvents, potassium peroxodisulfate (K₂S₂O₈) and aniline (C₆H₅NH₂) were purchased from Friendemann Schhmidt Chemical, Perth, Western Australia. Other than that, 1-benzylimidazole, 2,5-dichloro-p-xylene and bis(trifluromethane)sulfonamide lithium salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Steinheim, Germany).

Titanium (IV) chlorides (TiCl₄, 99.9%), urea (CH₄N₂O, 99%), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃, 85%), and aqueous ammonia (NH₄OH, 25%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). TPOME sample was strategically collected from the release point of a final stabilization pond of the palm oil industry situated in Perak, Malaysia. It was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 15 min to remove the suspended solids before treatment. The pH and COD concentrations of the TPOME were 7.6 and 800 mg/L, respectively.

Ferric chloride (FeCl₃.6H₂O), ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄.7H₂O), Zinc acetate (ZnAc₂.2H₂O), aqueous ammonia (NH₃.H₂O) and phenol (C₆H₅OH) were obtained from Merck company and ammonium carbonate ((NH₄)2CO₃) was purchased from Daejung (South Korea) and used without further purification.