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3 protocols using fatty acid free bsa

1

Palmitate-induced Metabolic Stress Protocol

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AICAR and metformin were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (ON, Canada) and Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA) respectively. Compound C and JNK-IN-8 were from Millipore (MA, USA) and Selleck (China) respectively. palmitate/BSA solution was prepared as previously described 22 (link). In brief, 100 mM palmitate (Sigma-Aldrich) stock was dissolved in 5% (w/v) fatty acid free BSA (PAA Laboratories, QLD, Australia) in a 55℃ water bath and filtered. The palmitate and BSA solutions were cooled to room temperature and diluted in serum-free medium to concentrations of 0.25 mM and 0.25%, respectively.
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2

Reagents for Niemann-Pick Type C Studies

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RG2833 and RGFP966 were purchased from Selleck Chemicals LLC (Houston, TX, USA). U18666A and GPN were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). LysoTracker Red DND-99, LysoSensor Yellow/Blue DND-160 and Hoechst 33342 were from Molecular Probes/Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany). GFP-certified FluoForte was from Enzo Life Sciences GmbH (Lörrach, Germany). Filipin III from streptomyces filipinensis, N,N-dimethylformamide and ApoA-I were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). Bafilomycin A1 was obtained either from Calbiochem/Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany) or from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Fatty acid-free BSA was from PAA Laboratories (Pasching, Austria). [1,2-3H(N)]Cholesterol (1.813 TBq/mmol) was from PerkinElmer LAS (Rodgau, Germany). All other chemicals were from previously described sources18 (link)20 (link). The mouse NPC1-His6-EYFP expression plasmid (NPC1-YFP; Addgene plasmid 53523) was kindly provided by Dr. Matthew P. Scott via Addgene69 (link).
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3

Palmitate/BSA Solution Preparation and Treatment

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palmitate/BSA solution was prepared as previously described 26 (link). Briefly, palmitate (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 0.1mM NaOH at 70℃ and diluted 1:20 in 5% (w/v) fatty acid free BSA (PAA Laboratories) in PBS to make a 5mM palmitate/ 5% BSA solution. The solution was then incubated in 56℃ water bath for 10 min, cooled to room temperature and filtered. Then, the palmitate/BSA solution was diluted in DMEM to final concentration of 0.75mM palmitate/ 0.75% BSA or 0.5mM palmitate/ 0.75% BSA. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes in 24-well plates was then incubated with above solutions for 24h with 10 nM insulin stimulation for the last 30 min.
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