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31 protocols using lipozyme tl im

1

Synthesis and Characterization of E3,4DMCA

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We synthesized 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester (E3,4DMCA) in high 86% yield according to the method described previously [49] . Its purity 98% was confirmed by GC whereas spectroscopic data were compared with the literature [50] . Native phosphatidylcholine (PC) was isolated from egg-yolk of Lohman Brown hens and purified as described in an earlier paper [44] (link). The purity of obtained PC was analyzed by TLC on silica gel-coated plates and further confirmed via the HPLC [51] .
Lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozym ® 435, immobilized, >5000 U/g; CALB, immobilized, >1800 U/g) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme ® RM IM, immobilized, >30 U/g) was provided by Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme ® TL IM, immobilized, 250 U/g) was obtained from the Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). A boron trifluoride methanol complex solution (13-15% BF 3 × MeOH) and sodium methylate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All organic solvents used in chromatography, silica gel-coated aluminium plates (Kieselgel 6-F254, 0.2 mm) used in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the silica gel (Kieselgel 60, 230-400 mesh) used in the column chromatography, were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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2

Enzymatic Enrichment of Fish Oil

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Two types of fish oils, namely triglycerides fish oil (19.21% EPA and 10.81% DHA) and ethyl ester fish oil (42.47% EPA and 31.91% DHA), were kindly provided by the Fujian Coland Marine Bio‐engineering Co., Ltd (Fujian, China). Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica lipase immobilized on acrylic resin) and lipozyme TL IM, an inexpensive 1, 3‐position‐specific lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, were purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) was purchased from Shanghai Sanjie Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ionic liquids, namely 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Tf2N]), were purchased from Shanghai Chengjie Chemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). N‐octanoic acid and n‐hexane (HPLC grade) were purchased, respectively, from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and Shandong Yuwang industrial Co., Ltd (Shandong, China). Thin‐layer chromatography silica gel G (analytical grade) was purchased from Qingdao Marine Chemical Co., Ltd (Shandong, China). Boron trifluoride diethyl ether and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (analytical grade) were purchased from Aladdin Chemicals Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
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3

Enzymatic Production of Rice Bran Oil

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Soapstock from a refining process for the production of rice bran oil was donated by CJ LTE. (Seoul, Korea) . Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica, Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei, and Lipozyme TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus were purchased from Novozymes (Seoul, Korea) . All of the other chemicals used in the current study were purchased as the analytical grade unless otherwise noted.
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4

Enzymatic Modification of DHA-Rich Algal Oil

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Phosphatidylcholine (PC>98%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE>80%) and phosphatidylserine (PS>50%) was purchased from Merya’s lecithin co., ltd. (Beijing, China). Refined DHA-rich algal oil from Schizochytrium sp. (DHA ≥60%) was kindly provided by Qingdao Xunon Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). DHA and DHA-ME were prepared from algal oil. The 37 kinds of fatty acid methyl ester standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (Norcross, GA). Lipozyme®CALB L (from Candida antarctica, CALB), Lipozyme® TL 100 L (from Thermomyces lanuginosus, TL100), Novocor®AD L (from Candida antarctica, ADL) Novozym®51,032 (from Aspergillus oryzae, 51,032), Resinase®HT (from Aspergillus oryzae, HT), Lecitase® Ultra (from Thermomyces lanuginosus/Fusarium oxysporum, PLA1), Novozym®435 (from Candida antarctica, 435), and Lipozyme®TL IM (from Thermomyces lanuginosus, IM) were purchased from Novozymes Biotechnology Co., LTD. (Tianjin, China). The thin-layer chromatography plates coated with silica gel G were purchased from Qingdao Ocean Chemical Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). Other chemicals and solvents applied were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with chromatographic and analytical grade.
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5

Enzymatic Lipid Modification Protocols

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AOL L03 (Aspergillus oryzae lipase powder) was purchased from Leveking Bioengineering Co.,Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on an ion-exchange resin), Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosa immobilized on silica gel) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) were purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Macroporous resins AB-8, D3520, NKA were acquired from the Chemical Plant of NanKai University (Tianjing, China). Macroporous resins SD300, SD600, DM11, DM130, anion-exchange macroporous resins D354 FD, D314 FD, D318, and cation-exchange resin C258 FD were purchased from Zhejiang Zhengguang industrial Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Table 1 comparitively describes the properties of these materials. The standards of tripalmitin, C52 compound (primarily OPO and OPO isomeric compounds), diolein (mixed isomers) and monoolein were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). Palm stearin (tripalmitin 48.69%, C52 13.42% and sn-2 PA 27.18%) and OA (82.5%) were obtained from Xinshili Food Science Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China) and Yihai Kerry Fine Chemical Co., Ltd (Lianyungang, China), respectively. Other reagents used were either HPLC or analytical reagent grades and obtained from various sources.
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6

Immobilized Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification

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Cinnamic acid was provided from Nanjing Zelang Chemical Co., Ltd. (Nanjing China). Benzyl alcohol was purchased from Maikelin Biochem. Technol. Co., Ltd. (Shanghai China). Three commercial immobilized lipases (Novozym 40086, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TLIM) and three free lipases (lipase A and B from Candida sp., and lipozyme from Thermomyces linuginosous) were purchased from Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark).
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7

Enzymatic Synthesis of Citronellic Acid

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Lohman Brown hens were a gift from the Tronina factory. Lipase B from Candida antarctica immobilized in a macroporus acrylic resin (synonym: Novozym 435 > 5000 U/g), lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB > 1800 U/g) and lipase A from Candida antarctica (CALA > 500 U/g) both immobilized on resin Immobead 150 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme® > 30 U/g) was provided by Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) while immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM, 250 U/g) was supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaered, Denmark). Citronellic acid (CA) (3,7-dimethyl-6-octanoic acid, purity: 98%), a boron trifluoride methanol complex solution (13–15% BF3 × MeOH), sodium methylate and heptane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The thin layer chromatography (TLC) pre-coated silica gel plates (Kieselgel 60 F254, 0.2 mm), the silica gel (Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh), solvents used in chromatography and HPLC grade solvents (Merck LiChrosolv® Reag.) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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8

Characterization of Palm Olein Lipid Components

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Palm olein IV 56 was purchased from Sime Darby, Malaysia; glycerol anhydrous (99.9%) was purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker, USA; and Lipozyme TL IM was given by Novozymes A/S, Denmark. Acetone from Fisher Scientific UK Limited, UK and acetonitrile from Mallinckrodt Baker, USA were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade. All other chemicals used were reagent grade. Standards for HPLC (1,2-dipalmitin, 1,3-dipalmitin, 1,2-diolein, 1,3-distearin, 1,2-dimyristin, 1,3-dilinolein, 2-oleoylglyerol, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol) were purchased from Sigma Chemical, USA, while other standards (1,2-diolein, 1,3-diolein, glycerol-1-palmitate-3-oleate, glycerol-1-palmitate-2-oleate) were purchased from Larodan, Sweden. Monopalmitin and monoolein were purchased from Tokyo Kasei, Japan.
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9

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Wastes

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Lignocellulosic wastes from sugarcane bagasse (SC), rice husks (RH), corn cobs (CC), babassu mesocarpus (BM), coconut bark (CB), and coffee grounds (CG) used as support were collected in supply and processing centers in the State of Maranhão (Brazil). Free lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL100L-Novozymes®) with 22.8 mg. mL−1 of protein and respective corresponding immobilized on silicate support (Lipozyme TL IM-Novozymes®) were purchased by LNF-LatinoAmericana (Bento Gonçalves, Brazil). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Comassie Brilliant Blue G250 dye, ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 95% and orthophosphoric acid 85%, oleic acid, acetone and, lauric acid, and n-hexanol were used in the enzymatic activity and protein quantification stages, and the Pink Cane dye was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Arabic Gum and olive oil (Gallo®) with low acidity used as a substrate in the hydrolytic activity test were purchased from Synth (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). All reagents used were of analytical grade.
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10

Biocatalytic isoamyl alcohol production

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Commercial Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosus, immobilized on noncompressible silica gel) was provided by Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) and employed as a biocatalyst in this study. All chemicals were of analytical grade. Fusel oil was distilled to yield purified isoamyl alcohol.
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