Zen3600

The silver ion reduction was observed by various wavelengths from 200 to 1000 nm by measuring double-beam UV–Vis spectra (model Victoria, Australia) (Al-Zaban et al., 2019a (link)). The size and shape of AgNPs were performed using transmission electron microscopy (Al-Othman et al., 2017 ) (JEM 1400 plus model with an acceleration voltage of 100 kV). ZETA Seizers (Malvern Zetasizer ZEN 3600, UK) was used to determine the distribution size of AgNPs of the colloidal solution (Abd El-Aziz and Al-Othman 2019 ). AgNPs were freeze-dried using a Heto Lyophilizer (Heto-Holten, Denmark) for XRD measurements, then the powdered sample was analyzed by an X'pert PRO PANalytical diffractometer using CuKpha radiation (k = 1.54056 Å) in the range of 20 ≤ 2ɵ ≤ 80 ≤ at 40 keV (Al-Othman et al., 2017 ). The FTIR a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) was confirmed functional biomolecules, the region spectrum in the 400–4000 cm⁻¹ (Abd El-Aziz, 2014 ).

The elasticity of SNVs was studied by extrusion at a pressure of 2.5 bars and a pore size of 100 nm within a nylon membrane filter for three minutes. Using Zetasizer (ZEN 3600, Malvern Instruments Limited, UK), the vesicle size of various formulae, before and after filtration was determined. Using the following equation (Shoman et al., 2023 (link)):
$\mathrm{DI}=\mathrm{J}{\left({\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{v}}/{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)}^2$
where J is the amount of the extruded formulation, r_v: the vesicle size of the formulation (after extrusion) and r_p: the pore size of the nylon membrane filter.

After each sample was prepared into a 1 mg/mL solution with water, the Laser particle size analyzer (ZEN3600, Malvern Instruments Ltd., U.K.) was used to measure the hydrodynamic radius. The measuring temperature was 25 °C and the scattering angle was 173°.