Lead 2 nitrate

Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO₄.6H₂O), lead(II) nitrate (Pb(NO₃)₂), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂.6H₂O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O), selenium (Se), zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn(CH₃COO)₂.2H₂O], thioacetamide (C₂H₅NS), urea (CH₄N₂O), acetic acid (C₂H₄O₂), cadmium acetate dehydrate [Cd(CH₃COO)₂.2H₂O], sulfur (S), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium sulfide (Na₂S), cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄·8/3H₂O), nitro tri-acetic acid (N(CH₂CO₂H)₃), sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (C₅H₉NO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and Ni-foams were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. TiO₂ paste (Ti-Nanoxide HT/SP) was supplied by Solaronix. The MWCNTs (Carbon Nano-Material Technology Co., Ltd) were used as received.

All chemicals including lead(II) nitrate, cadmium(II) sulphate, mercury(II) nitrate, atomic absorption spectrometric standard of metals (Ni(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), As(III), Hg(I), Se(II), and Fe(II)), and nitric acid (HNO₃, ultraclean) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) unless noted otherwise. Stock solutions were prepared in ACS-purity water immediately prior to use.

All chemicals were commercially available and used as received unless otherwise stated. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF), both p.a. grade, were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany), sulfur was purchased from Carl Roth GmbH and Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) was purchased from TCI chemicals (Eschborn, Germany). N-benzylmethylamine, mercury(II) chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate, cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and lead(II) nitrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany). Nitric acid (65%) was purchased from Th. Geyer GmbH and Co. KG. (Hamburg, Germany). Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate, l-cysteine, and Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (M_w = 109,000 g/mol, M_w/M_n = 1.86) was gratefully granted by Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany).

Chitosan (Ch) (degree of deacetylation: 75–85 %, Mwt: 190,000–310,000), hexylamine (HA), purity 99%, ethylamine (EA), 66.0–72.0 % in water, 1,2-diaminopropane (DAP), purity 99% N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (DDA), purity 97%, potassium carbonate, K₂CO₃, purity over 99%, sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃, purity over 99.5%, potassium hydroxide, KOH, purity > 85%, urea (U), purity over 99.5%, aniline (A), purity over 99.5%, chromium(VI) oxide, CrO₃, purity 99.9%, and lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO₃)₂, purity more than 99.0% were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Dimethyldidodicylammonium bromide, DDAB, was prepared in our laboratory as described [42 (link)]. CaCO₃ nanoparticle (NPs) was purchased from Sky spring nanomaterials, (Houston, TX, USA) purity 99% and HCl (36.5–36 vol %) was purchased from J.T.Baker. All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. The N₂ gas used was 99.999% pure (KOAC, Kuwait). All solutions were prepared with deionized water of a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ.cm.

Bismuth(III) nitrate pentahydrate (Cat. # 383074) and lead(II) nitrate (Cat. # 228621) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Iron(III) sulfate pentahydrate (Cat. #AC345231000), nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate (Cat. # N73-100), copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (Cat. # BP346), magnesium(II) sulfate heptahydrate (Cat. # M63), sodium chloride (Cat. # S271), potassium hydroxide pellets (Cat. #P1767), concentrated H₂SO₄ 95.0 to 98.0 w/w % (Cat. # A300) and concentrated HNO₃ 70% w/w % (Cat. # A200) were received from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). A CHI 660C (CH Instrument, Inc., Austin, TX, USA) Electrochemical Workstation was used for DPV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigations. Similar Model CHI 660 A-E Electrochemical Workstations could also be used. All the experiments were conducted at room temperature. Characterization of the bismuth film was performed using a PHI TRIFT V nanoTOF Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) and a PHI Versaprobe 5000 Scanning X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS).