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22 protocols using multiram ft raman spectrometer

1

Characterization of Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles

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The formation of GNPs was further
confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopic measurement of the reaction
mixture solution, which was performed on a Thermo Scientific Evolution
Array UV–visible spectrophotometer, employing a 1 cm quartz
cuvette with ultrapure water as the reference. The zeta potential
(ζ) measurements were carried out using a Zetasizer Nano ZS,
Malvern Instruments, at the temperature of 25 °C to investigate
the superficial charge. Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopic
measurement was carried out to identify the potential functional groups
responsible for the reduction of gold ions and stabilization of the
synthesized GNPs, which was recorded on a FT-Raman MultiRAM spectrometer
(Bruker Optics). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was
conducted using a Jeol JEM-100CX microscope operating at an accelerating
voltage of 80 kV to determine the morphology and dimension of GNPs.
The samples for TEM study were prepared onto a carbon-coated Cu grid,
which was allowed to dry under ambient conditions. To understand the
crystalline characteristics, X-ray powder diffraction data were recorded
at room temperature on an STADI-P powder diffractometer in transmission
geometry by using a Mo Kα1 (λ = 0.7093 Å)
wavelength selected using a curved Ge (111) crystal, with a tube voltage
of 50 kV and a current of 40 mA.
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2

Raman and NMR Characterization of L on TiO2

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The Raman spectra
have been measured with a Bruker FT-Raman MultiRAM spectrometer (Bruker
Optics) equipped with a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd–YAG)
laser emitting at 1064 nm as the excitation source.
The spectra
of L have been recorded in a 0.05 mol dm–3 aqueous
solution using a quartz cuvette with a 1 cm optical path length and
on the L/TiO2/ITO substrate.
The NMR spectra were
acquired on an Avance III-HD spectrometer
(Bruker Biospin) operating at 900 MHz proton Larmor frequency (21
T magnet, Bruker Biospin), equipped with a triple-resonance cryo-cooled
probe head. For performing NMR experiments, the powder of titania
nanocrystals, detached by scrubbing from the electrode surface, was
used. The powder was then resuspended in a 0.05 mol dm–3 L aqueous solution and incubated overnight. To the sample thus obtained
was added 10% deuterium oxide and kept in suspension within the active
volume of the coil by confining it with low-melting agarose. This
procedure has been established to keep cells in suspension in bioreactors.21 (link),22 (link)
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3

Raman Spectroscopy of Kidney and Heart

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Left kidney and heart biopsies were kept under physiological serum prior vibrational spectroscopy measurements. The FT-Raman Multiram spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Germany) operating at 1064 nm (laser  Cobolt Rumba series, from Cobolt AB, Sweden) was used for acquisition of spectra. Each biopsied tissue was previously thawed at room temperature in saline solution (0.9% NaCl) at the time of use in the experiment and placed in an aluminum sample holder. Measurements were done at three different points (27 spectra per group) using 32 cycles of scans and 200 mW of laser power (laser spot size of diameter of 1 mm). Signs of sample degradation were observed for longer acquisition times and greater laser powers.
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4

Comprehensive Characterization of Glass Samples

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Various methods were employed to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the glass samples. The glass structural was determined using XRD analysis conducted with a Pan-alytical diffractometer (PW, 3040 MPD). Vibrational modes of the glass systems were evaluated under 532 nm excitation, using wavenumbers ranging from 250 to 1750 cm−1, using a Bruker FT-Raman, Multi-RAM spectrometer. The elemental composition of the glasses was determined through examination with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Additionally, the photoluminescence spectra (PL) under 350 nm excitation were measured using a PerkinElmer LS55 Luminescence Spectrophotometer, at room temperature. Finally, the thermal analysis of the glasses specimens were conducted via PerkinElmer differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry analysis (DTA/TGA).
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5

FT-Raman Spectroscopy of Solid Samples

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The FT-Raman
spectrometer consisted
of a multiRam FT-Raman spectrometer (Bruker Optik, Ettlingen, Germany),
1064 nm Nd:YAG laser, and a D 418 Ge detector. Spectra were collected
using the defocusing lens to give a 2 mm diameter spot size, a laser
power of 150 mW, and 4 cm–1 resolution with each
spectrum having an average of 128 scans. Each off-line sample was
measured in triplicate.
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6

FT-Raman Spectroscopy of Reconstituted Optogenetic Proteins

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FT‐Raman measurements of reconstituted QuasAr2 and NovArch in ECPL (proteolipid membrane vesicles) were measured in aqueous buffer at pH 7.3 in glass capillaries as described previously (24 (link)). FT‐Raman measurements were made using 1064‐nm laser excitation on a Bruker MultiRam FT‐Raman spectrometer operating at 4 cm−1 resolution and power ranging from 30 to 300 mW. In addition to the 1064‐nm laser, diffuse scattered light from a low‐power (~1 mW) HeNe laser used for calibration of the FT‐interferometer mirror movement also irradiated the sample.
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7

Raman Spectroscopy of Fungal Biomass

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Raman spectra were recorded in backscattering geometry using MultiRAM FT-Raman spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) equipped with a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (1064 nm, 9394 cm−1) and germanium detector cooled with liquid nitrogen. For each measurement, 0.5–1 mg of the freeze-dried sample was deposited in an aluminum sample container and pressed with a pestle. The spectra were recorded with a total of 128 scans, using Blackman–Harris 4-term apodization, spectral resolution of 4 cm−1, with a digital resolution of 1.928 cm−1, over the range of 3785–50 cm−1, at a 500 mW laser power. Since some samples of Amylomyces rouxii and Rhizopus stolonifer have shown strong heating and burning effects, those samples were measured with the reduced laser power of 200 mW. Each biomass sample was analyzed in three technical replicates, resulting in 216 spectra. The OPUS software (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) was used for data acquisition and instrument control.
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8

Characterization of Polymeric Filaments by FT-Raman Spectroscopy

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Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman spectroscopy) was performed on raw materials and extruded filaments (FEL10HME, FEL30HME, and FEL50HME). A MultiRAM FT-Raman spectrometer (Bruker OPTIK GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) was used, equipped with an Nd:YAG laser excitation source operating at 1064 nm. OPUS Version 7.5 (Bruker OPTIK GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) was used for instrument operation and data acquisition. Spectra were recorded as an average of 256 scans for each sample at a laser power of 500 mW to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio at a resolution of 2 cm−1. FEL and EC powders were placed in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tubes and filament sections obtained mid-length from the total extruded length were mounted directly on a sample holder before placing in the optical path of the spectrometer. For the amorphous FEL reference, FEL powder was placed in an NMR tube and heated in a vacuum oven at 150°C until FEL powder was melted.
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9

Raman and IR Spectroscopic Analysis of Samples

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The Raman spectra of the samples were recorded at room temperature on a MultiRAM FT-Raman Spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany), equipped with a Nd3+: YAG laser, a 1064 nm excitation line, and a germanium detector cooled with liquid nitrogen. The spectral resolution was 4 cm−1, and 512 scans were collected with a laser power of 500 mW at the sample position.
IR spectra in the range 500–3600 cm−1 with the spectral resolution of 4 cm−1 were collected with the use of ALPHA Bruker spectrometer in the ATR mode. 128 scans were co-added. All definitions of the bands present in the spectra were carried out in line with published methodology [40 (link),41 ,42 ]. All spectral processing was performed using OPUS (Version 7.0) and Origin (Version 8.5) software by Bruker (Karlsruhe, Germany).
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10

FT-Raman Spectroscopy for Lignin S/G Ratio

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To evaluate S/G ratios by FT-Raman spectroscopy, a recently developed spectral deconvolution method was used [14 (link)]. Raman spectra were collected from samples using a Bruker MultiRAM FT-Raman spectrometer with 1064 nm excitation (Bruker Optics, Inc., Billerica, MA). Laser power of 50 mW and scan number of 256 were used at a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1. The acquired spectra were mildly smoothed and the spectral range of 1220–1530 cm−1 was selected and baseline corrected using OPUS software (Bruker Optics, Inc.). The spectra were then deconvoluted at medium sensitivity using OMNIC software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA). For each spectrum, S/G and H/G ratios were calculated as intensity ratio of the resolved target peaks (1331 cm−1 for S, 1270 cm−1 for G, and 1215 cm−1 for H) [14 (link), 15 (link)].
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