Over the long-term observation period of 3 months (3, 9 and 12 weeks) following nerve reconstruction, functional motor recovery was assessed with the CATWalk gait analysis system (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands). Static sciatic index was calculated as described previously (Haastert-Talini et al., 2013).
Catwalk gait analysis system
Manufactured by Noldus
Sourced in Netherlands
The CatWalk gait analysis system is a laboratory equipment designed to objectively measure the walking pattern and gait dynamics of small laboratory animals, such as rodents. The system uses a specialized camera setup to capture the movements of the animal as it walks across a glass walkway, providing detailed data on various gait parameters.
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21 protocols using catwalk gait analysis system
1
Functional Motor Recovery After Nerve Repair
2
Automated Gait Analysis in Rats
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Gait parameters of the freely moving rats were measured using the Catwalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, Netherlands). Briefly, rats were placed individually on the CatWalk glass platform and allowed to walk freely and traverse to and from one side to another side. The illuminated contact areas between the paws and the glass platform were recorded by a high-speed color video camera underneath the glass platform late. Each uninterrupted run with a minimum of 3-step sequence patterns were collected. Data of the right hindlimb from three compliant runs of each animal was analyzed biweekly over the 8-week treatment period. Based on the position, pressure, and surface area of each footprint, various gait parameters were quantified and analyzed through the CatWalk software 7.1. These parameters included: Stand Phase (time of paw contact with the glass plate in a step cycle); paw Print Area (surface area of complete print); paw Max. Intensity (in line with the degree of the maximum pressure a paw exerting on the glass plate); Swing Speed (computed by dividing the stride length by the swing phase duration) and Duty Cycle (the ratio between the stance duration and the complete step cycle duration).
3
Gait Analysis of Mice in IVH Model
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Gait analysis was performed using the Catwalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, The Netherlands) as described previously [54 (link), 55 (link)]. In brief, the mice were placed in the dark experimental environment for 0.5 h for adaption before each experiment. At the beginning of the trial, the mouse was placed individually on the walkway and walked freely traverse from one side to another of the walkway glass plate where has a goal box. The videos of footprint images were recorded by a camera positioned under the walkway. The records were converted into digital signatures and processed using CatWalk XT 10.6 software. All mice completed three times of runs with an interval of 10 min. Mice were trained for 3 days prior to the record of baseline (the day before surgery), and the gait was assessed at −1 (baseline), 14, and 28 days after IVH/sham surgery.
4
Functional Motor Recovery Assessment
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At 4, 8 and 12 weeks (n = 8 rats in each group) following nerve reconstruction, functional motor recovery was assessed with the CatWalk gait analysis system (Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands). The rat was placed on the catwalk plate and allowed to walk forward. Real-time movie images and 3D footprints were displayed when the toes touched the stepping surface. The length and width of the toes and the static sciatic index (SFI) were measured from the footprint in each group. SFI = 0 indicates normal motor function, and SFI = –100 indicates complete loss of motor function.
5
Gait Analysis in Muscle Injury Rats
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We used the CatWalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, Wageingen, The Netherlands) to evaluate the behavior of rats with muscle injury. The CatWalk system provides a detailed analysis of gait, which has been described in detail elsewhere.15 A detailed gait analysis was made using the CatWalk system at 3 hours before injury, and at 12 hours; 1, 2, and 3 days; and 1, 2, and 3 weeks after muscle contusion. The gait of 28 rats was recorded 3 times and analyzed using the CatWalk system. In this study, 18 paw variables (the mean of hind paws: 18 variables) were used. We calculated the ratio between the affected (right hind) side and the unaffected (left hind) side.
6
Neurological Assessment Methods for SCI
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An essential part of any experimental SCI study is the evaluation of the animals’ neurological statuses through neurological assessments during this study to provide direct evidence of whether a model has the potential to be used as an impactor [13 (link)]. For this objective, a battery of tests was incorporated in this research, including Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores [14 (link)], BBB open-field locomotion test, Louisville Swim Scale (LSS), and CatWalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, The Netherlands) [15 (link),16 (link)]. All the analysis were carried out by two independent investigators who were blinded to the assigned groups.
7
Catwalk Gait Analysis for Rat Locomotion
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The catwalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, the Netherlands) was used as an objective method to assess the locomotor gait dynamics of the rats in this research. For the CatWalk XT (version 10.6) analyses, the animals were trained on the device for at least two times before surgery. On the premise of the same calibration parameters in each group, the locomotor activities of rats were recorded at least three times. Several indicators were assessed in the test, including swing (the duration in seconds of no contact of a paw with the glass plate), max contact area (the surface area of the print at max contact expressed), regularity index (the number of normal step sequence patterns relative to the total number of paw placements), and print position (the mean values for the right paws and the left paws).
8
Gait Analysis of Mice Using Catwalk
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Mice were weighed and transferred to the Behavior Study Suite at Robarts Research Institute at Western University two days prior to gait acquisitions. Gait patterns and relative parameters were captured by the Catwalk® gait analysis system (Noldus Inc.) as described22 (link). Briefly, mice were placed on a glass platform located in a dark room and allowed to move freely. A light beam from a fluorescent lamp illuminates the platform. Where the paw touches the glass surface, an image of the paw print is recorded by a camera underneath. Gait was captured and parameters was obtained from the Catwalk® software for statistical analysis.
9
Gait Analysis and Open Field Behavioral Assessment
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Animal footprint characteristics were assessed using the Noldus Catwalk gait analysis system (Noldus Information Technology, XT). After 8 weeks of laminectomy and sham operation, the gait pattern was observed and recorded using a high-speed video camera and the Catwalk software (V. 9.1, Leesburg, VA, USA) of the device while the animal is walking on a 100 cm gangway. Each affected hindlimb’s footprint and gait profile were calculated, including footprint area, swing time, speed, and pressure. In addition, animal behavioral activities were assessed using an open field arena measuring 30 × 30 × 30 cm (w × d × h). The mice were positioned in the center of the arena. After 5 min of habituation, the system automatically followed and recorded animal movement patterns and activities for 15 min (Multi Conditioning System, TSE Systems GmbH, Bad-Homburg, Germany).
10
Automated Gait Analysis of Mice
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We used a Noldus Catwalk Gait analysis system designed to semi-automatically measure and analyze the gait of mice during normal ambulation. Briefly, the movement of mice across a glass bottom corridor is video recorded from a ventral position. Paw prints are highlighted in the video due to light illumination across the glass walking platform. Each mouse step within a video is subsequently detected using Catwalk XT (Noldus) in a semi-automated fashion. A run for each mouse consists of three trials of consistent ambulation across the monitored platform. Only consistent trials are accepted, and mice may take up to 10 attempts to complete three compliant trials in either direction across the corridor. Compliant trials were defined as those with movement across the platform under 5-s long and with no more than 60% speed variation. Once placed onto the platform, mice generally ran back and forth without any need for experimenter prompting.
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