N n dimethyl formamide dmf

Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O), silver(I) nitrate (AgNO₃), calcium(II) nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O), cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate (Mn(NO₃)₂·4H₂O), zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (H₃BTC), and methylene blue (MB) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany. N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) was procured from Samchun Pure Chemicals, Pyeongtaek-si Korea. Diclofenac sodium salt (DCF, C₁₄H₁₀Cl₂NNaO₂) was procured from TCI Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan. Pure H₂S (500 ppm) balanced with N₂ gas was procured from Union gas, Seoul, Korea.

Yttrium(III) chloride hexahydrate (YCl₃·6H₂O), erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (ErCl₃·6H2O), ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate (YbCl₃·6H₂O), ammonium fluoride (NH₄F), 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP), and triphosgene oleic acid were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Sodium borohydride, N,N’-dicyclohexylarbodiimide (DCC), and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone was purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). α-Lipoic acid (LA), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), folic acid (FA), β-benzyl-L-aspartate (BLA), triethylamine (TEA), hydrazine monohydrate, PEG-bis(amine) (molecular weight: 3.350 kDa), sodium bicarbonate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tetrahydrofuran (THF), n-hexane, benzene, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1, 4-dioxane, acetic acid, and dichloromethane (DCM) were obtained from Samchun Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Pheophorbide a (Pha) was obtained from Frontier Scientific, Inc. (Logan, UT, USA).

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H₂BDC), benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (H₃BTC), and cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ethanol, mEthanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets were acquired from Samchun Pure Chemicals, Korea. H₂S gas (500 ppm balanced with N₂ gas) was procured from Union gas, Korea.

The porous TiO₂ nanofibers (PTF) were prepared via an electrospinning process and subsequent heat treatment. The spinning solution was prepared by adding 2 mL butyl titanate (TBT, C₁₆H₃₆O₄Ti, ≥97%, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc, Tokyo, Japan), 1 g polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Mw: 150,000, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 4 g polystyrene (PS, Mw: ≈192,000, Sigma-Aldrich), and 2 mL of acetic acid (99.7%, Daejung Chemicals and Metals, Siheung, Korea) in 40 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥99.5%, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Korea). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h to ensure complete dissolution and was then loaded into a plastic syringe equipped with a 25 G stainless steel needle (Ø_in = 0.25 mm, Ø_out = 0.51 mm). The needle was connected to a high-voltage supply and a voltage of 20 kV was applied between the needle and the collector. The distance between the needle tip and the drum collector was set at 15 cm at a flow rate of 2 mL h⁻¹. The rotation of the drum was maintained at 150 rpm. The resulting electrospun fibers were heated at 100 °C in air for 6 h to remove the solvent, and then heat-treated at 500 °C for 3 h (heating rate was 5 °C min⁻¹) in air to remove the polymer.

For ZIF-7 synthesis, we used 98% purity zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) and 98% purity benzimidazole reagent from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Additionally, we used 99.5% purity reagent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) from Samchun Chemicals (Seoul, Korea) as a solvent for ZIF-7 synthesis, 99.9% purity HPLC grade methanol from Carlo Erba (Val-de-Reuil, France) as a post-synthetic cleaning solvent, Solvay (Haandorpweg, Belgium) Udel^® P-3500 LCD pellet of polysulfone (PSf) as the material of the substrate for the composite membrane’s mechanical strength, 100% purity N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) as a solvent, PEG of the molecular weight of 20,000 Da (Average molecular weight: 15,500–25,000 Da) from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan) as an additive of the substrate, poly(ether-block-amide) (Pebax) 2533 from Arkema (Colombes, France), solvents of 99.5% purity isopropanol and 99.0% purity n-butanol from Daejung Chemicals (Jeongwang-Dong, Korea), Sylgard 184A and Sylgard 184B as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) monomer and initiator from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA) as materials for the gutter layer and the protective layer of the composite membrane, respectively, and 95% purity n-hexane from Daejung Chemicals (Jeongwang-Dong, Korea) as PDMS’s solvent.

MOF-801 was synthesized using ZrOCl₂·8H₂O (98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), fumaric acid (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), formic acid (≥95.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%, Samchun Chemical, Seoul, Republic of Korea), and washed with ethanol (99.0%, Samchun Chemical). The YSZ precursor was synthesized using DI water and Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich) as a Y³⁺ ion source. A green compact was prepared by mixing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (Samchun Chemical) with YSZ nanospheres as a binder. All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received, without further purification.