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10 protocols using estradiol

1

Estradiol Replacement in Ovariectomized Rats

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Bilateral ovariectomies were performed at Charles River laboratories, and after recovery and acclimation to the Boston College colony, all rats (ovariectomized and intact) received subcutaneous placement of silastic capsules. Assembly and implantation of the silastic capsules followed the protocol outlined by Strom, Theodorsson, Ingberg, Isaksson, and Theodorsson (2012) (link). The capsules were made using silastic tubing (1.6 mm inner diameter, 3.17 mm outer diameter; 3 cm in length; Fisher; Pittsburgh, PA) and sealed with 5 mm wooden dowels, filled either with 180 mg/ml estradiol (Sigma-Aldrich; Saint Louis, MO) in sesame oil, or vehicle (sesame oil). Half of the ovariectomized animals received estrogen (OVX+E), while the other half, along with intact, received only vehicle (OVX and Intact). Animals were anesthetized with isoflurane (2–5% in oxygen) and the capsules were inserted through an incision made caudal to the shoulders. To verify estradiol release, one day after completion of behavioral testing trunk blood was collected, and estradiol serum levels were measuring using a Mouse/Rat estradiol ELISA kit (Calbiotech, Spring Valley, CA). Serum estradiol levels were significantly higher in OVX+E rats compared to OVX rats (OVX+E: 5.14 ± 0.9 pg/ml; OVX: 1.06 ± 0.4 pg/ml; t(28)= −4.414, p < 0.01).
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2

Biochemical Analyses of Metabolic Markers

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Enzymatic assay kits were used for determination of plasma FFAs (Roche), TAGs and glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich), and Cholesterol (Dade-Behring). ELISA kits were used for measurements of Insulin (Crystalchem), Estradiol (Calbiotech), Leptin and Growth Hormone (Millipore), all according to manufacturers’ instructions. Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucose meter (One Touch Ultra, LifeSpan, UK). The methods for the mouse DLK1 ELISA and tissue determination of TAG were described previously [10 (link)]. The human DLK1 ELISA was used for measurement on maternal plasma according to the manufacturers’ instructions (Adipogen).
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3

Bone Remodeling Biomarker Analysis

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Serum concentration of RANKL (R&D Systems), CTXI (BIOZOL/Biomedica), OPG (AbFrontier), P1NP (Immunodiagnostic Systems (IDS)), and estradiol (Calbiotech) was assessed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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4

Comprehensive Metabolic Profile in Fasting Plasma

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A 30 mL fasting blood sample was obtained on the morning of RP. Blood was separated into serum and plasma by centrifugation within 3 hours of collection and stored at −80°C until analysis. Plasma levels of glucose (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA), estradiol (Calbiotech, Spring Valley, CA) and insulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden), leptin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), adiponectin, high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were run in duplicate. Serum levels of total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and preoperative PSA were determined in the clinical chemistry laboratory at MSK.
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5

Comprehensive Metabolic Profile in Fasting Plasma

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A 30 mL fasting blood sample was obtained on the morning of RP. Blood was separated into serum and plasma by centrifugation within 3 hours of collection and stored at −80°C until analysis. Plasma levels of glucose (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA), estradiol (Calbiotech, Spring Valley, CA) and insulin (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden), leptin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), adiponectin, high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were run in duplicate. Serum levels of total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and preoperative PSA were determined in the clinical chemistry laboratory at MSK.
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6

Plasma Sex Steroid Quantification

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Concentrations of sex steroids on plasma samples were measured using commercial testosterone (IBL America, Minneapolis, MN) and estradiol (Calbiotech Inc., El Cajon, CA) ELISA kits, as per the manufacturer’s instructions (3 (link), 10 (link)).
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7

Plasma Sex Steroid Quantification

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Concentrations of sex steroids on plasma samples were measured using commercial testosterone (IBL America, Minneapolis, MN) and estradiol (Calbiotech Inc., El Cajon, CA) ELISA kits, as per the manufacturer’s instructions (3 (link), 10 (link)).
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8

Insulin Sensitivity Profiling in Mice

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Insulin tolerance testing was completed in the morning after 2-h fasting. First, mice were injected intraperitoneal with 1 IU per kg body weight of regular insulin (Novolin R, Novo Nordisk). Next, plasma glucose measurements were made using a glucometer (Bayer, Breeze 2) from tail vein bleeding at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.
Serum samples were collected from 3- to 5-week-old female mice in random fed or fasted state by unanesthetized tail snips or retro-orbital bleeds under isoflurane anesthesia. ELISA was used to quantify insulin (Mercodia, Winston-Salem, NC, USA) and IGF-1 (R&D). Estradiol (Calbiotech, El Cajon, CA, USA) levels for n = 3 at each age from 3 to 8 weeks for MKR and WT were measured from serum collected from post-mortem cardiac puncture. The lower detection limit of the Estradiol assay is 3pg/mL. ELISAs were read with a Bio-Rad iMark Microplate Reader.
Insulin’s effect on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was studied by injecting 3-week-old WT and MKR mice with regular insulin dosed at 1 IU per kg body weight. Blood draws were collected via retro-orbital bleed under isoflurane anesthesia at baseline and by cardiac puncture 30 min after insulin stimulation. LH levels were quantified using a RIA by the University of Virginia Center for Research in Reproduction Ligand Assay and Analysis Core.
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9

Plasma Hormone Extraction and Quantification

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Mice were injected with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium 20% w/v (Animalcare, York, UK) and blood was collected, spun down at 2000 g, 4 o C, for 3 min. Collected plasma was processed using ELISA to measure the concentrations of estradiol (Calbiotech, California, US) and progesterone (Crystal Chem, Zaandam, Netherlands), according to the manufacturers' instructions.
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10

Metabolic Profiling of Ad Libitum-Fed Mice

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Tail vein blood was collected at 10:00 P.M.-12:00 A.M. from ad libitum-fed mice. Blood glucose was assayed with OneTouch Ultra Blood Glucose Monitoring System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). ELISA kits were used to measure serum insulin (ALPCO, Salem, NH), leptin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), and estradiol (Calbiotech, El Cajon, CA) and in-house radioimmunoassay was used for testosterone measurement. Plasma corticosterone was measured as previously described (15) .
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