Isopsoralen

RPMI-1640 medium (11 mM glucose and L-glutamine) and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco (Paisley, UK). Penicillin/streptomycin antibiotic mixture and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were purchased from WELGENE (Daegu, Korea). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was obtained from Duchefa (Haarlem, Netherlands). Primary antibodies against poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (9542), caspase-3 (9662), bcl-2 (2876), bax (2772), p62 (5224S), and beclin-1 (3495) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA), and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit, sc-2004; anti-mouse, sc-2005) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Psoralen, isoPsoralen, palmitate, rapamycin, and bovine serum albumin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Bakuchiol was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences Inc. (Farmingdale, NY).

Testosterone propionate (TP) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Finasteride was supplied from Merck & Co., Inc. (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Antibodies against androgen receptor (AR, sc-816), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, sc-56), E2F1 (sc-193), Rb (sc-377528), cyclin D1 (sc-753), and β-actin (sc-81178) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (TX, USA). Antibody against prostate-specific antigen (PSA, Catalog number, PB9259) was purchased from Boster Biological Technology (CA, USA). Loganin (≥97.0%), psoralen (≥99.0%), and isopsoralen (≥95.0%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Seoul, Korea). Morroniside (≥97.0%) was purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, Hubei, China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and water were procured from JT&Baker (Seoul, Korea).

Dulbecco modified eagle medium (DMEM), Ham’s F-12 (F-12) medium, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Bakuchiol was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences Inc. (Farmingdale, NY, USA). Antibodies against poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), and phospho-Bad were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against beta-actin and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Streptozotocin (STZ), losartan potassium, psoralen, and isopsoralen were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).