Caffeine anhydrous (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% saline and was administered intraperitoneally (IP) at doses 3 or 30 mg/kg (0.3 and 3 mg/mL: 10 mL/kg). Ethanol (EtOH) (20% v/v) was prepared from a 95% stock solution in 0.9% sterile saline, and was injected IP at a dose of either 2 g/kg (12.5 mL/kg) in Experiment 2, or 1 g/kg (volume, 6.25 mL/kg), in Experiment 3. All IP injections of saline were administered at equivalent volumes to the drug volumes used in each experiment (i.e. 6.25, 10, or 12.5 mL/kg).
Caffeine anhydrous
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Sao Tome and Principe, United States, United Kingdom, Germany
Caffeine anhydrous is a white, crystalline powder that is the active ingredient in many dietary supplements and energy products. It is a highly purified and concentrated form of caffeine, the naturally occurring stimulant found in coffee, tea, and cocoa. Caffeine anhydrous is used as a laboratory reagent and in the manufacturing of various products.
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Lab products found in correlation
Limonene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Citral, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
α pinene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β pinene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Camphor, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Myrcene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Camphene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
3 carene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Terpinen 4 ol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Adenosine 3 5 cyclic monophosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chlorhexidine digluconate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Azelastine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ibuprofen sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 propanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
6 protocols using caffeine anhydrous
1
Caffeine and Ethanol Administration in Rats
2
Analytical Profiling of Terpene Compounds
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Methanol and water were of LC-MS grade and purchased from RCI Labscan Ltd., (Bangkok, Thailand). Reference standards, camphor (purity ≥ 95%), camphene (purity ≥ 95%), caffeine anhydrous (purity > 99%), citral (purity ≥ 98%), 3-carene (purity ≥ 90%), limonene (purity ≥ 97%), myrcene (purity ≥ 90%), α-pinene (purity ≥ 98%), β-pinene (purity ≥ 99%), and terpinen-4-ol (purity ≥95%), were products from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The internal standard, menthol (purity ≥ 98%), was from TCI (Shanghai, China). The standard homologous series of n-alkanes (C8-C40) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). camphor (cosmetic grade) was purchased from Chemipan (Bangkok, Thailand).
3
Detailed Chemical Compound Acquisition Protocol
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The following chemicals were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co. Ltd (Dorset, UK): azelastine hydrochloride (4-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-(1-methylazepan-4-yl)phthalazin-1-one hydrochloride; A7611), chlorhexidine digluconate (1,1′-hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl) biguanide; C9394), caffeine anhydrous (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine; W222402), quinine hydrochloride dihydrate (Q1125), acetaminophen (paracetamol, 4′-hydroxyacetanilide; A7085), ibuprofen sodium salt (α-methyl-4-(isobutyl) phenyl acetic acid; I1892), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ; P8394), adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (3′,5′-cyclic AMP; A9501 -200mM stock solution), glucose (D(+)-glucose; G8270), sucrose (D(+)-saccharose; S1888) and glutamate (L-glutamic acid monosodium salt monohydrate; 49621). Compounds labelled "GSK" were provided by our industrial collaborators, Glaxo-SmithKline, and due to intellectual property protection, full names and structures have been withheld.
4
Characterization of Anhydrous Caffeine
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Anhydrous caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) was used as supplied, without further purification. Polymorph purity was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction.
5
FDM 3D Printing of Drug-Loaded Polymer Models
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Poly(vinyl alcohol) (Ultimaker, density 1.23 g/cm3, Netherlands) was used as pristine material for the FDM 3D printing of drug-free models. Anhydrous caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich, aqueous solubility 21.6 mg/mL, 25°C, pH 7.0) (Yalkowsky S.H. et al., 2010) was chosen as model drug.
Acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol and ethyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich) were selected as solvent for oversaturated solutions. Moreover, poly(ethylene glycol) PEG 1000 (BioUltra, Sigma) has been added to the acetonic carrier solutions.
For the mobile phase preparation HPLC grade solvents were used: tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, sodium acetate trihydrate, and glacial acetic acid.
Acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol and ethyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich) were selected as solvent for oversaturated solutions. Moreover, poly(ethylene glycol) PEG 1000 (BioUltra, Sigma) has been added to the acetonic carrier solutions.
For the mobile phase preparation HPLC grade solvents were used: tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, sodium acetate trihydrate, and glacial acetic acid.
6
Preparation of Monolinolein Mesophases with Caffeine
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Dimodan U/J was used for preparing the mesophases as explained below. Dimodan is the commercial name of Monolinolein. It was received as a gift from Danisco (Copenhagen, Denmark) and contains more than 98 wt-% monoglycerides. Figure 1b illustrates the chemical structure of monolinolein. Caffeine, technically named 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is an organic molecule.
Anhydrous caffeine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Figure 1a displays the chemical structure of caffeine. Milli-Q grade water was used for all experimental setups.
Anhydrous caffeine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Figure 1a displays the chemical structure of caffeine. Milli-Q grade water was used for all experimental setups.
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