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Nanoscope 5 afm

Manufactured by Veeco
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The NanoScope V AFM is a versatile atomic force microscope that enables high-resolution imaging and measurement of sample surfaces at the nanoscale. The core function of this product is to provide researchers and scientists with a powerful tool for investigating and characterizing the topography, properties, and interactions of materials at the atomic and molecular level.

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9 protocols using nanoscope 5 afm

1

Atomic Force Microscopy of Bacterial Surfaces

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Bacterial samples were prepared for atomic force microscopy (AFM) as previously described (Zdybicka-Barabas et al., 2012 (link); Zdybicka-Barabas et al., 2013 (link)). Briefly, log-phase E. coli JM83 cells (OD600 = 0.2) in 100 µL lysogeny broth were incubated at 37°C for 90 min in the presence of individual or combined AMPs, or without AMPs as a negative control. We used concentrations of 50 μM Lser-PRP2, 50 μM Lser-PRP3, and 0.25 μM Lser-stomoxyn. The samples were centrifuged (8,000 × g, 4°C, 10 min), washed twice with apyrogenic water, resuspended in 5 μl apyrogenic water, applied to mica disks and allowed to dry at 28°C overnight.
The cell surface was imaged using a NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA) in Peak Force QNM operation mode and a silicon tip NSG 30 with a spring constant of 20 N/m (NT-MDT, Moscow, Russian Federation). The results were processed using Nanoscope Analysis v1.40 (Veeco). Three fields on each mica disk were imaged. The roughness values were measured over the entire bacterial cell surface in 3 × 3 µm areas. The average surface root mean square (RMS) roughness was calculated from 25 fields (300 × 300 nm). Section profiles and 3D images were produced using WSxM v5.0 (Horcas et al., 2007 (link)).
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2

Nanomechanical Analysis of Legionella Pneumophila

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A total of 40 microliters of the L. pneumophila (wild type and mutant strain separately) suspension (OD600nm = 0.2) prepared from bacteria grown for 3 days on BCYE plates were aliquoted to three Eppendorf tubes each. After washing three times in MQ water, centrifugation (8000 × g, 10 min, 4°C), and pooling, the bacteria were suspended in 5 μl of non-pyrogenic water and mounted on the surface of freshly cleaved mica discs for imaging.
The Legionella pneumophila cell surface structure and nanomechanical properties (adhesion) were imaged and analyzed using NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, United States). All measurements were performed in the “ScanAsyst-HR” operation mode using a silicon tip with a spring constant of 0.4 N/m (SCANASYST-AIR-HR, Bruker, Germany). The data were analyzed with Nanoscope Analysis ver. 1.40 software (Veeco, United States) (Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland). Three fields were imaged on each mica disc. The resolution of the scans obtained was 384 × 384 pixels. The topography of the examined samples was presented as height and peak force error images.
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3

Nanomechanical Analysis of Legionella Cell Surface

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For atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, 4 × 40 μL of water suspension containing L. dumoffii cells (OD600 = 0.2) cultured on the choline-supplemented or non-supplemented BCYE medium were incubated, for 1 h, at 37 °C, without (control) and with apoLp-III (final concentration 0.1 mg/mL). Then, the bacterial suspensions were centrifuged at 8000× g for 10 min, at 4 °C, and prepared on mica discs, as described in our previous paper [32 (link)]. The cell surface of L. dumoffii prepared on the mica discs was imaged using a NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, San Jose, CA, USA). The measurements were carried out in the “Peak Force QNM” operation mode using a TAP150A Antimony doped Si tip with a spring constant of 1.646 N·m−1 (Bruker, Santa Barbara, CA, USA). During each of the two independent experiments, three randomly chosen fields were imaged on each mica disc. The data obtained were analyzed with Nanoscope Analysis ver. 1.40 software (Bruker, USA). The values that define nanomechanical properties were calculated from 40 fields (340 × 340 nm) measured over the entire bacterial cell surface in 3 × 3 µm areas. The differences between two mean values were established using the U Mann–Whitney’s test. The section profiles and three-dimensional (3D) images of the cells were generated using WSxM 5.0 software (Nanotec, Madrid, Spain) [52 (link)].
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4

AFM Analysis of E. coli Cell Surface

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Log-phase E. coli JM83 suspension (100 μl) (OD600 = 0.2) in the LB were incubated for 1.5 h at 37 °C without (control) and in the presence of the CecA (the final concentrations 0.25 μM).22 (link),23 (link) Next, the samples were centrifuged at 8000 × g for 10 min at 4 °C and washed twice with non-pyrogenic water. After final centrifugation, the bacteria were suspended in non-pyrogenic water (5 μl), applied on mica disks, and the samples were allowed to dry overnight at 28 °C.
Bacterial cell surface was imaged using NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, USA). A ScanAsyst-HR operation mode was used for topography imaging, as well as for the roughness and adhesion analyses measurements, whereas for Young’s modulus analysis the PeakForce QNM operation mode was applied. All measurements were done using a RTESPA silicon tip with a spring constant of 20 N/m (Bruker, Germany). The data were analyzed with Nanoscope Analysis ver. 1.40 software (Veeco, USA). Three fields on each mica disk were imaged. The Young’s modulus values were calculated from five 500 × 500 nm images. The average surface root-mean-square (RMS) roughness and adhesion values were calculated from sixty fields (80 × 80 nm) measured over the entire bacterial cell surface on 500 nm × 500 nm areas. Three dimensional images and section profiles were done using WSxM 5.0 software.23 (link)
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5

Atomic Force Microscopy of Candida albicans

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Analysis of the surface of the C. albicans cells after incubation with the CSE was carried out using AFM (Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, UMCS, Lublin, Poland) according to the protocol described by Fiołka et al.59 (link). All measurements were carried out in contact and tapping operation modes using a NanoScope V AFM (Veeco Instruments Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA) equipped with NanoScope 8.10 software and a piezo-scanner with a maximum scan range of 150 μm × 150 μm.
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6

AFM Imaging of Bacterial Surface

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Bacterial samples were prepared for atomic force microscopy (AFM) according to the method described earlier (70 (link)). Briefly, log-phase P. entomophila and B. thuringiensis (OD600 = 0.02) in LB were cultivated for 1 h at 30 °C or 37 °C, respectively, with Kazal peptide Pr13a or with water (control) in the total volume of 300 µl. Then, 300 µl of 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, was added. Next, the pellets were gently washed twice with 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, and twice with non-pyrogenic water. After final centrifugation, the microorganisms were suspended in 10 µl of non-pyrogenic water, applied onto the surface of freshly cleaved mica discs, and allowed to dry overnight at 28 °C before imaging. The surface of P. entomophila and B. thuringiensis was imaged using NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, USA) in the Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. The measurements were carried out as described in Kordaczuk et al. (70 (link)).
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7

Characterization of α-1,3-Glucan Nanoparticles

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The suspension of α-1,3-glucan in 30% DMSO or 30% DMSO alone was placed onto a mica disk and dried in a desiccator overnight. Then, the samples were imaged in NanoScope V AFM (Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA) using the PeakForce QNM operation mode and a RTESPA-300 silicon probe with spring constant 20–80 N/m (Bruker Nano Inc., Billerica, USA). Three fields 1 µm × 1 µm were imaged for each sample. The images were analyzed with NanoScope Analysis software ver. 1.40 (Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA). It was found that α-1,3-glucan intended for administration to the larvae by injection was in the form of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of about 7 nm (±0.5) (Supplementary Materials, Figure S2).
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8

Nanomechanical Properties of C. albicans under AP2 Treatment

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The log-phase C. albicans cells in ten-fold diluted YPD medium (12 µl; OD600 = 0.2) were incubated in the presence of 5 µM AP2 at 37 °C for 1 and 3 h. To the control samples 2 µl of sterile water was added. After washing with pyrogen-free water, the cells were centrifuged (7000× g, 10 min, 4 °C) and finally suspended in 5 µL of pyrogen-free water. The suspensions were applied on mica disks and dried at 28 °C, and the cells were subjected to imaging using a Nanoscope V AFM (Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA; Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, UMCS, Lublin, Poland). The measurements were performed in the PeakForce QNM operation mode using a RTESPA-300 silicon probe with spring constant 20–80N/m (Bruker Nano Inc. Billerica, MA, USA). Three fields (1 µm × 1 µm and 300 nm × 300 nm) were imaged for each sample. The average root-mean square (RMS) roughness values, Young modulus, and adhesion forces were calculated from twenty 200 nm × 200 nm fields measured on each 1 µm × 1 µm image. The nanomechanical properties were analyzed with NanoScope Analysis software ver. 1.40 (Veeco). Three-dimensional (3D) images were obtained using WSxM software (Nanotec, Tres Cantos, Spain).
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9

Atomic Force Microscopy of Bacterial Cells

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All AFM measurements in the tapping or Peak Force QNM operation modes were carried out using a NanoScope V AFM (Veeco) equipped with NanoScope 8.10 software and a piezoscanner with a maximum scan range of 150 × 150 μm (Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, UMCS, Lublin, Poland). A rectangular Si cantilever/tip (Veeco) with a spring constant of 20-80 N/m and resonance frequency of 300 kHz was used. The resolution of the scans obtained was 256 × 256 pixels. The height and peak force error images were obtained simultaneously. Four fields on each mica disk were imaged. The data were analyzed with WSxM 5.0 software (Nanotec). The roughness values were measured over the entire bacterial cell surface on 400 × 400 nm areas. The average surface root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the cells was calculated from forty fields examined during two independent experiments.
For estimation of the G. mellonella cecropin D influence on the elasticity and adhesion properties of bacterial cells, Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) modulus and adhesion forces were determined, respectively. The force measurements were performed in the Peak Force QNM operation mode using a silicon tip at the nitride lever, SCANASYST-AIR, with a spring constant of 0.4 N/m (Veeco). The data were analyzed with Nanoscope Analysis ver. 1.40 software (Veeco).
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