Neurobehavioural performance was measured using a 10-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). This task requires participants to respond as quickly as possible to a visual stimulus appearing on a portable electronic hand-held unit (PVT-192, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY) at random intervals of 2–10 s (Dinges and Powell, 1985 ). Participants were trained on this task (three practices) on the arrival day (Dinges et al., 1997 (link)). Performance on the PVT is sensitive to sleep loss and circadian misalignment (Lim and Dinges, 2008 (link), Van Dongen et al., 2003 (link)). The number of lapses (response times > 500 ms) and mean reciprocal response times (RRT; 1/ms × 1000) were derived and used in the subsequent analyses.
Pvt 192
Manufactured by Ambulatory Monitoring
Sourced in United States
The PVT-192 is a portable device designed for psychomotor vigilance testing. It measures and records reaction time, lapses, and other performance metrics related to sustained attention and vigilance. The device is intended for use in research and clinical settings.
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13 protocols using pvt 192
1
Psychomotor Vigilance Task for Neurobehavioral Assessment
2
Measuring Sleepiness and Attention Deficits
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The ESS was used to measure self-reported sleepiness [32 (link)]. The PVT 192 (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA) was used to quantify deficits in sustained attention [33 (link)]. Both sites used a 10 min testing protocol in the morning. PVT median reaction time (RT) and number of lapses (errors of omission defined as RT >500 milliseconds), mean slowest RT and mean fastest RT were used as the sustained attention outcomes. The FOSQ was used for functional assessment [5 (link)].
3
Assessing Cognitive Performance through Psychomotor Vigilance Task
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A 10 min PVT will be performed (PVT-192, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc, Ardsley, New York).102 (link) The PVT is the gold standard measure of fatigue-related cognitive performance and is used widely in the sleep and fatigue literature.103 This task involves participants pressing a button on a handheld device as quickly as possible in response to a stimulus. Participants will complete the task while seated in a chair facing a wall (seated approximately 1 m away from the wall). Participants are instructed to sit straight and to keep both feet on the ground, while holding the device in both hands. Stimuli are presented at random intervals between 2 and 10 s for the duration of the task. Participants will complete three 10 min PVTs on the Adaptation Day, to account for any learning effects.104 (link) The PVT measures sustained attention, vigilance and reaction time, and has been highly correlated with sleep loss and circadian misalignment.105–107 Outcome measures include lapses of more than 500 ms, reciprocal reaction time (RRT), mean fastest 10% of reaction time (RT) and mean slowest 10% of RRT.108 (link)
4
Parkinson's Disease Cognitive and Motor Evaluation
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Psychomotor Vigilance Task for Attention Assessment
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The PVT is a 10 min reaction-time task of sustained attention sensitive to sleep loss (24 ) and can identify attentional lapses even in mild OSA (28 (link)). The device is a hand-held box with a red light-emitting diode (LED) display of a three-digit millisecond counter (PVT-192, Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA) (29 (link)). Participants were instructed to respond as fast as possible when they first saw a visual stimulus appear. The time taken to respond to the stimulus was displayed in milliseconds (ms). During the task visual stimuli appeared at random intervals between 2 to 10 s. Variables analysed were: (a) mean reaction time (RT); (b) mean of the fastest 10% of RTs; (c) mean reciprocal of slowest 10% of RTs; and, (d) number of lapses (response time >500 ms).
6
Measuring Cognitive Fatigue with PVT-192
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Psychomotor vigilance testing (PVT-192; Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY) was used to assess sleepiness and reaction time.44 (link) Subjects were given a handheld computerized device with a red light-emitting diode display of a three-digit millisecond counter and were instructed to press a response button as soon as a visual stimulus appeared on the screen during a 10-min period. Subjects were given pretest training to minimize the practice effect. Mean reaction time (RT) was collected in milliseconds as the primary variable. Higher mean RT represents more sleepiness.
7
Precise Computer-based PVT Protocol
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We utilized a precise computer-based version of the 10 min PVT, that was performed and analyzed according to the standards set forward in Basner and Dinges [2 (link)]. The PVT-B was performed on the PVT-192 (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY), a handheld device measuring 21 × 11 × 6 cm and weighing ca. 650 g. The visual response time (RT) stimulus and performance feedback were presented on the device’s 2.5 × 1 cm four-digit LED display. The inter-stimulus intervals varied randomly from 2–10 s (10 min PVT) and 1–4 s (PVT-B, both including a 1 s RT feedback interval). For both versions of the PVT, subjects were instructed to press the response button as soon as each stimulus appeared on the CRT screen (10 min PVT) or LED display (PVT-B), in order to keep RT as low as possible, but not to press the button too soon (which yielded a false start warning on the display). Both versions gave a signal after a 30 s period without response, which was counted as a lapse (see below) with 30 s RT. In the TSD protocol, PVT-B was performed on average 22.9 min before (N = 136) or immediately after (N = 391) the 10 min PVT. In the PSD protocol, PVT-B was performed on average 16 min after the 10 min PVT in all subjects. In a previous analysis of the TSD data it was shown that test administration order had no statistically significant effect on PVT RTs [32 (link)].
8
Sustained Attention Assessment via PVT
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The cognitive performance domain assessed was sustained attention, as measured by a 10 min PVT performed on a dedicated handheld device (PVT-192, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA). The PVT presents a visual stimulus on a four-digit LED display at random 2–10 s intervals, and participants are required to press a response button as quickly as possible after the stimulus is presented. The PVT measures most commonly used in sleep research are response time and lapses (response times exceeding 500 ms) because they exhibit the greatest sensitivity to sleep deprivation and are conceptually and statistically superior to other PVT measures [31 (link)]. Reciprocal response time (RRT = 1/response time) is often used as a measure of cognitive performance because it reduces the impact of long lapses on response times, and it intuitively declines with increasing sleep deprivation. In the present study, the PVT measures analysed were mean reciprocal response time (RRT) and number of lapses.
9
Psychomotor Vigilance Testing for Sleep Extension
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Reaction times were tested at baseline during the control, and at the beginning and end of the sleep extension intervention. The five minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) (PVT-192, Ambulatory monitoring, Inc., New York, NY, USA) was selected to test participant reaction times. The PVT is a fully electronic, computerized test-presentation and data capture system for simple visual reaction time monitoring. The PVT is commonly used to assess the impact of sleep loss, sustained wakefulness and time of day on neuro-behavioural performance [28 (link)]. The five minute PVT is a valid and reasonable substitute for the ten minute PVT when used in the field, and there is a strong correlation in response time between the five and ten minute tests (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) [28 (link)]. Prior to each test, participants were given a standard explanation of test procedures and provided with a standardised 60 s sample visual reaction time trial familiarisation. Data was analysed for mean reaction time (ms), fastest and slowest 10% reaction times (ms) and total errors using React PVT software.
10
Psychomotor Vigilance Task Protocol
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The PVT uses a visual reaction time paradigm with inter-stimulus intervals ranging from 2 to 10 sec [13 (link)]. Participants were instructed to monitor a red square shown in the device display (PVT-192, Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc., Ardsley, NY) and press a response button on the device as soon as a red number counting down by milliseconds appeared within the square. The counter stopped when the participants responded, and the reaction time in milliseconds was displayed for one sec as feedback to the participant. Responses within 100 msec received warning signals (“FS”; false start) for one sec. The False Starts were treated as timeout trials, which continued on to the next trial.
The data of the first 30 sec in each epoch were omitted. Data with a standard deviation of 2.5 or higher (SD of all the RT data in the three conditions) than the mean was omitted when calculating the mean reaction times (RT). The number of data deviating from SD by 2.5 or more was counted as lapses. The reaction time coefficient of variation (i.e., CV) was calculated by dividing the individual standard deviation of an individual by the mean of that individual. By this means, a percentage-based measure is obtained that can directly be interpreted as to index participant’s performance fluctuations [14 (link)].
The data of the first 30 sec in each epoch were omitted. Data with a standard deviation of 2.5 or higher (SD of all the RT data in the three conditions) than the mean was omitted when calculating the mean reaction times (RT). The number of data deviating from SD by 2.5 or more was counted as lapses. The reaction time coefficient of variation (i.e., CV) was calculated by dividing the individual standard deviation of an individual by the mean of that individual. By this means, a percentage-based measure is obtained that can directly be interpreted as to index participant’s performance fluctuations [14 (link)].
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