Squalene (SQ) (>98%) was sourced from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and pyrogallol (>98%) was from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium chloride (99.8%) and potassium hydroxide were products of Panreac Quimica (Barcelona, Spain). For SQ-HPLC analysis, acetonitrile (HPLC, 99.9%), methyl acetate (HPLC, 99.8%), and acetone (HPLC, 99.8%) were obtained from ChemLab (Zeldegem, Belgium); n-hexane (proanalysis) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and absolute ethanol was from Riedel de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Other standards, solvents, reagents, and chromatographic materials were of the appropriate grade from various suppliers and have been described in detail in our recent article [18 (link)]. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filters (0.22 µm) and cellulose acetate membrane filters (0.45 µm) were from Schleicher & Schuell, (Dassel, Germany).
Absolute ethanol
Manufactured by Honeywell
Sourced in Germany, United States
Absolute ethanol is a highly purified form of ethanol, also known as pure ethanol. It is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. Absolute ethanol has a purity level of 99.5% or higher, making it suitable for use in scientific research, chemical analysis, and other technical applications where a high degree of purity is required.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anhydrous zinc acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cellulose acetate membrane filter, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Squalene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyvinylidene fluoride pvdf membrane filters, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Chem-Lab (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Chem-Lab (1 mentions)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acrylamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Honeywell (1 mentions)
Ferric chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lc ms grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
23 protocols using absolute ethanol
1
Squalene Analysis via HPLC
2
Extraction and Characterization of Aloe Vera
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Aloe vera was purchased from the local food market of Sargodha, Pakistan. Acrylamide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. N, N-Methylene bis-Acrylamide was obtained from Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland. Hydrochloric acid and absolute ethanol were acquired from Riedel-de Haen, Germany. Thiocolchicoside was obtained as a gift sample from Pharmevo (Pvt) Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan.
3
Synthesis of Silica Nanostructures
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The SiO2-T synthesis has been reported earlier [16 (link)]. In accordance with the synthesis of tubular SiO2 previously made by Nakamura [15 (link)], tetraorthosilicate (TEOS) was used as the silicon source (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA, 99%), with absolute ethanol (Riedel de Haen, Seelze, Germany) as a solvent, and ammonia (25% w/w aq. Alfa Aesar) and DL tartaric acid (TA) as the templating agent. A 50 mL mixture containing the above mentioned components was obtained according to the following molar ratio: 1(TEOS):0.07(Tartaric Acid):43(Ethanol):36(H2O), at 20 °C. The ammonia (25%) was added slowly (0.8 mL/min), under gentle stirring, in order to obtain a white suspension which was left to age for one hour.
By using similar conditions, and instant addition of 15 mL ammonia (25%) to the silica sol, the spherical morphology (SiO2-S) is obtained.
In the case of SiO2-t, the previous molar ratio is slightly modified according to the following values, 1(TEOS):0.03(Tartaric Acid):18(Ethanol):10(H2O), which means a higher concentration of the starting solution, while the working temperature was decreased to 0 °C.
For all samples, the resulting white precipitate was washed, filtered and dried at 100 °C for 3 h and then calcined in air at 500 °C for 3 h.
By using similar conditions, and instant addition of 15 mL ammonia (25%) to the silica sol, the spherical morphology (SiO2-S) is obtained.
In the case of SiO2-t, the previous molar ratio is slightly modified according to the following values, 1(TEOS):0.03(Tartaric Acid):18(Ethanol):10(H2O), which means a higher concentration of the starting solution, while the working temperature was decreased to 0 °C.
For all samples, the resulting white precipitate was washed, filtered and dried at 100 °C for 3 h and then calcined in air at 500 °C for 3 h.
4
Analytical Procedures for Antioxidant Assays
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The analytical procedures were carried out by employing water purified by a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA), LC-MS grade acetonitrile, and acetic acid, which were purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Waltham, MA, USA), and Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), respectively.
The following reagents were provided from the specified suppliers: sodium carbonate, acetic acid, TPTZ (2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid were acquired from Fluka (Honeywell, NC, USA). Absolute ethanol was purchased from Riedel-de-Haën (Honeywell, NC, USA). Gallic acid, Folin reagent, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)), potassium persulfate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), sodium acetate, ferric chloride, heptahydrate ferrous sulfate, fluorescein, AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), sodium phosphate monobasic, and dibasic were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
All chemicals, unless otherwise indicated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Life Science S.L.U., Madrid, Spain).
The following reagents were provided from the specified suppliers: sodium carbonate, acetic acid, TPTZ (2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid were acquired from Fluka (Honeywell, NC, USA). Absolute ethanol was purchased from Riedel-de-Haën (Honeywell, NC, USA). Gallic acid, Folin reagent, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)), potassium persulfate, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), sodium acetate, ferric chloride, heptahydrate ferrous sulfate, fluorescein, AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), sodium phosphate monobasic, and dibasic were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
All chemicals, unless otherwise indicated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Life Science S.L.U., Madrid, Spain).
5
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Antioxidant Assays
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Absolute ethanol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate extra pure were obtained from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Muller–Hilton medium was purchased from Biokar Diagnostic (France). Acetone, N-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, trichloroacetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetylcholinesterase, Ellman reagent, acetylthiocholine iodide, 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), HEPES buffer, tacrine, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum, penicillin–streptomycin solution, hydrogen peroxide, trypsin, phosphate buffer saline, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, rosmarinic acid (RA), propylene glycol, and sodium phosphate dibasic dehydrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium chloride was supplied by José M. Vaz Pereira (Lisbon, Portugal). Benzophenone-4 was purchased from Mapric (São Paulo, Brazil). All other chemicals were of HPLC analytical grade, and they were used as received. Parvifloron D (ParvD) was isolated according to the method described by [16 (link)], and its NMR spectroscopic characterization is provided in the Supplementary Materials .
6
Analytical Reagent Characterization Protocol
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All reagents and standards were of analytical reagent (AR) grade. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid (99%), and sodium hydroxide (98%) were purchased from Panreac (Madrid, Spain). Ferulic acid (99%) and sodium carbonate (99.8%) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Absolute ethanol was obtained from Riedel-de Haën, acetonitrile (99.9%) from Fisher Scientific, and formic acid (≥98%) from Sigma-Aldrich. Synthetic resin (Lewatit VPOC1064 MD PH®) was purchased from LANXESS (Köln, Germany).
Dimethylsulfoxid-d6 (DMSO-d6) (≥99%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Dimethylsulfoxid-d6 (DMSO-d6) (≥99%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
7
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
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MSNPs were synthesised in a surfactant-templated base-catalysed sol-gel reaction, as described previously [21, 30] . In brief, 100mg of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, >99%, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was dissolved in a mixture of 48ml double distilled water (DDW) and 0.35ml of 2M sodium hydroxide (anhydrous NaOH, ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) in a round-bottomed flask. The solution was heated in a silicone oil bath to 80°C with magnetic stirring. After the temperature had stabilised, 0.5ml of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was added to the reaction. After 15 minutes, 0.127ml of 3-(trihydroxysilyl)propyl methylphosphonate (3-THPMP, monosodium salt, 42 wt.% solution in water, Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was added, and reaction was stirred for 2 hrs at 80°C. The solution was then cooled to room temperature (RT), and MSNPs were recovered and washed with methanol (≥99.8%, Rathburn Chemicals, UK) by centrifugation. Particles were redispersed in a mixture of 40ml of methanol and 2ml of 12.1M hydrochloric acid (HCL; 37.2 wt.% solution in water, 12.1M, Sigma-Aldrich, UK), and refluxed for 24 hrs at 80°C with magnetic stirring to remove CTAB. After refluxing, MSNPs were washed in absolute ethanol (≥99.8%, Riedel-de Haën, Germany), and vacuum dried overnight.
8
Synthesis of Aromatic Ketone Derivatives
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The following chemicals were purchased and used without further purification: indole-2-carboxylic acid 98% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), oxalyl chloride 98% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), 4-aminoacetophenone 97% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), 3-aminoacetophenone 97% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (HPLC grade Tedia, Fairfield, OH, USA), pyridine (Cerritos, CA, USA), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (Labachemie, Mumbai, India), sodium borohydride (NaBH4) (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), dichloromethane (HPLC grade Carbon group, Lincoln, UK), hexane (HPLC grade Tedia, Fairfield, OH, USA), ethyl acetate (AZ chem, Dongguan, China), tetrahydro furan (THF) (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), acetone (AZ Chem, Dongguan, China), absolute ethanol (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), chloroform (HPLC grade) (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), and methanol (HPLC grade Biosolve, Dieuze, France).
9
Berberine-Loaded Liposome Formulation
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Berberine (Mw 336.36 g/mol and chemical purity >98%; Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China) was used as an active ingredient in base form (C20H18NO4+). Hydrogenated soy phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) (>98%) and distearoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DSPG) (>98%) were obtained from Lipoid GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) was purchased from CISME Italy s.r.l., Milano, Italy and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) (>98%) was purchased from Bomeibio Co. Ltd., Hefei, China. Absolute ethanol (>99.8%) (Honeywell, Riedel-de Haën, Seelze, Germany) and methanol and chloroform (purchased from Lach-ner, s.r.o., Brno, Czech Republic) were used as solvents for the fabrication of liposomes.
10
Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Protocol
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Titanium butoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), PEG-PPG-PEG
P123 (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), absolute
ethanol (Honeywell Riedel-de Haën, 99.8%), silver nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich,
99%), sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (Fluka Analytical, 99.0%),
urea (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), and lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich,
99.999%) were used for the experiments. All of the chemicals were
used as it is without filtering.
P123 (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), absolute
ethanol (Honeywell Riedel-de Haën, 99.8%), silver nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich,
99%), sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (Fluka Analytical, 99.0%),
urea (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), and lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich,
99.999%) were used for the experiments. All of the chemicals were
used as it is without filtering.
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