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33 protocols using c 5050 digital camera

1

Quantitative Immunohistochemistry of Sciatic Nerve NGF

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Rats were perfused intracardially with 4 % formaldehyde for histology and quantita-tive immunohistochemistry. Briefl y, sciatic nerves were embedded in paraffi n, sectioned at 5 μm thickness via microtome (Leica RM 2145). All sections were photographed with Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope. Axonal thickness was measured using Image-Pro Express 1.4.5 (Media Cybernetics, Inc. USA).
Sections were treated with 10 % H 2 O 2 for 30 minutes to remove endogenous peroxidase activity before being blocked with 10 % normal goat serum (Invitrogen) for 1 hour at room temperature for immunohistochemical analysis. After that, slices were treated for 24 hours at 4 °C with primary antibodies against nerve growth factor (NGF) (Santacruz Biotechnology; 1/100). The Histostain-Plus Bulk kit (Invitrogen) was used to detect antibodies against rabbit IgG, and 3,3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) was utilized to view the fi nal product. All sections were cleaned in PBS before being inspected with an Olympus BX51 microscope and photographed with an Olympus C-5050 digital camera. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed on all groups and six slices from each animal. Under a light microscope at x100 magnifi cation, two blinded observers counted the total immune-positive Schwann cells. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM.
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2

Histopathological Evaluation of Rectal Tissue

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Formalin-fixed rectum sections in 4 μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin & eosin. All sections were photographed with Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on Olympus BX51 microscope.
Histopathological scores were assigned using the following criteria of MacPherson and Pfeiffer7 (link): 0, intact epithelium, no leukocytes or hemorrhage: 1, <25% disrupted epithelium, focal leukocyte infiltrates, and focal hemorrhage; 2, 25% disrupted epithelium, focal leukocyte infiltrates, and focal hemorrhage; 3, 50% disrupted epithelium, widespread leukocytes, and hemorrhage; 4, >50% disrupted epithelium, extensive leukocyte infiltration, and hemorrhage.
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3

Ostracod Diversity and Identification in Lake Baikal

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Samples were taken from 11–15 m depths by SCUBA diving from the shore of Lake Baikal. Three bottom types were sampled: rock, mud, and sand. Ostracods were sorted alive on the spot and immediately fixed in 97% ethyl alcohol. Dissection and identification was done with the aid of Zeiss Axiostar-plus light microscope and Leica DM 2500 compound microscope, equipped with N-Plan objectives, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs were taken with a Hitachi S-4700 at Eulji University (Seoul). Photographs of Zenker organ and hemipenis were taken with Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on Olympus PX51 compound microscope.
Collected ostracods were identified with the aid of Mazepova (1990) . The terminology for A1, Md, Mxl, L5 and L6 follows Broodbakker and Danielopol (1982) , and for L7 Meisch (1996) . Here, the view of Meisch (2007) regarding the terminology and homology of the most posterior appendage on the ostracod body (“furca”) is accepted.
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4

Quantification of α-Synuclein Immunostaining

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40 μm thick cross sections were taken with a microtome (Leica MR 2145) from paraformaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded cerebellum tissue. The sections were incubated with H2O2 (10%) for 30 min to eliminate endogenous peroxidase activity and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (Invitrogen) for 1 hour at room temperature. Subsequently, sections were incubated in primary antibodies (α-synuclein, Bioss Inc.; 1/100) for 24 h at 4°C. Antibody detection was performed with the Histostain-Plus Bulk kit (Invitrogen) against rabbit IgG, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used to visualize the final product. All sections were washed in PBS and photographed with an Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope. Brown cytoplasmic stained cells were scored as positive for α-synuclein immunostaining. The number of α-synuclein (+) cells was assessed by systematically scoring at least 100 Purkinje cells per field in 10 fields of tissue sections at a magnification of 100x.
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5

Retinal Morphology Measurement Protocol

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All sections were photographed and measured with the same Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope. The mean ONL thickness in the physiological saline groups was accepted as 100%.
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6

Scoring Colon Inflammation in Histology

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Formalin-fixed colon sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E). All sections were photographed with an Olympus C-5050 digital camera mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope.
Scores were assigned using the following criteria of MacPherson and Pfeiffer21 (link) and modifications of this criteria by Fabia et al.22 (link) and MacPherson and Pfeiffer23 (link). Five scores from 0 to 4 were determined. In stage 0, the epithelium is intact and there are no leukocytes or hemorrhage. In stage 1, there are <25% disrupted epithelium, focal leukocyte infiltration, and focal hemorrhage. In state 2, 25% disrupted epithelium, focal leukocyte infiltration, and focal hemorrhage were defined. In stage 3, 50% disrupted epithelium, widespread leukocytes, and hemorrhage were seen. Stage 4 was with >50% disrupted epithelium, extensive leukocyte infiltration, and hemorrhage.
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7

Ovarian Follicle Staging in Formalin-Preserved Tissue

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Formalin-preserved ovarian tissues were embedded in paraffin. The ovaries were sectioned at a thickness of 4 µm using a microtome, and the sections were mounted onto glass slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. An Olympus C-5050 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) mounted on an Olympus BX51 microscope was used to photograph all sections. Morphological analysis of the ovaries was performed using a computerized image analysis system (Image-ProExpress 1.4.5, Media Cybernetics Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) on 10 fields of view per section at a magnification of 20×; the observer was blinded to the study groups. Ovarian follicles at different developmental stages were categorized according to standards established by Oktay et al. [25 (link)] (Fig. 1). Primordial follicles are localized immediately below the cortex and contain a single layer of squamous granulosa cells. Primary follicles consist of a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. Secondary follicles include multiple layers of granulosa cells, and tertiary follicles are characterized by a stratum granulosum and a fluid filled antral space.
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8

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of iNOS and Desmin

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To analyze the immunohistochemical expressions, anti-iNOS and anti-desmin antibodies were used. Paraffin sections were immersed in xylene overnight and incubated in methanol containing 3% H2O2 to reduce endogenous peroxidase activity. Sections were heated in sodium citrate solution in a microwave oven at 90 W for 5 min and at 360 W for 15 min. Subsequently, sections were incubated in primary antibodies (anti-desmin, Bioss, bs-1026R, USA; 1/100 and anti-iNOS, Santa Cruz, Sc-651, USA; 1/100) for 24 h at 4ºC. Antibody detection was performed with the Histostain-Plus Bulk kit (Bioss, Inc) against rabbit IgG, and 3,3′ diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used to visualize the final product. Immunoreaction was assessed by light microscopy (Olympus BX-51 light microscope, Olympus C-5050 digital camera) at 40× magnification.
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9

Histopathological Evaluation of Organ Tissue

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At the
end of the 28 day exposure period, organs (liver, kidney, heart, lung,
and spleen) were removed under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia after
intracardiac fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, postfixed for 24 h
and processed for paraffin embedding. Paraffin sections were cut into
5 μm thick slices in microtome (Leica RM 2145) and stained with
routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).13 (link)−15 (link) Histopathological
evaluation was assessed by light microscopy (Olympus BX-51 light microscope,
Olympus C-5050 digital camera) at a magnification of ×40.
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10

Fluopyram Sensitivity Assay for H. schachtii

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To determine the sensitivity of H.schachtii to fluopyram, the nematodes were incubated for 48 h in a DMSO/water solution containing 0–50 ppm fluopyram. Control treatments received the same amount of DMSO as the 50 ppm variant. About 30 J2 were added to each well of a 96-well plate and incubated with the above described fluopyram concentrations or DMSO control for 48 h with gentle shaking of 30 rpm. For evaluation, 2.5% (v/v) final concentration of 1 M NaOH was added to each well and analyzed with a Leica DM4000 microscope equipped with an Olympus C-5050 digital camera. J2 remaining immobile upon NaOH stimulus were considered to be dead. In a parallel experiment, 10,000 J2 for each concentration were incubated for 48 h on a shaker applying a gentle speed of 30 rpm. After incubation, nematodes were washed in an 11 µm sieve with 500 ml sterile water and transferred to 96-well plates with flat bottom. J2 were then incubated for 6 days in water followed by evaluation with NaOH as described to obtain the percentage of recovered J2.
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