2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl dpph quercetin

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus (electrical eels), type VI-S, 200–1000 unit/mg; substrate acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI); sodium phosphate monobasic; and sodium phosphate dibasic were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The coloring agent 5,5-dithio-bis-[2-nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB) and gallic acid were obtained from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Galantamine hydrobromide was obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Indomethacin, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin, zinc powder, and phosphate-buffered saline were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Wagner’s, Mayer’s, and Dragendorff’s reagents were obtained from R&M Chemicals (Essex, UK). Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent and sodium hydroxide were obtained from R&M Chemicals (Essex, UK). Millon’s reagent for the detection of protein and sodium nitrite were obtained from Bendosen Laboratory Chemicals (Bendosen, Norway). Benedict’s solution for reducing sugar was obtained from PC laboratory reagents. Aluminum chloride was obtained from Quality reagent company (Auckland, New Zealand). Ferric chloride and sodium carbonate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All solvents used were of analytical grade.

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O), and pyrocatechol violet (PV) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were of the highest commercially available grade.