Bl3.1 cells

MDBK cells were maintained in Eagle’s medium (Nissui Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 2 mM l-glutamine (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). 293T cells (ATCC CRL-3216) were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Nissui Pharmaceutical) supplemented with 10% FBS along with 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. BL3.1 cells (ATCC CRL2306), which are persistently infected with BLV and have been previously characterized (43 (link), 44 (link)), were maintained in RPMI1640 GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FBS along with 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Primary bovine lymphocytes were collected from the lymph node of a necropsied BLV-positive calf; the clinical sample was provided by Yamaguchi University.

MDBK cells were maintained in Eagle’s medium (Nissui Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 2 mM l-glutamine (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). 293T cells (ATCC CRL-3216) were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Nissui Pharmaceutical) supplemented with 10% FBS along with 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. BL3.1 cells (ATCC CRL2306), which are persistently infected with BLV and have been previously characterized (43 (link), 44 (link)), were maintained in RPMI1640 GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FBS along with 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Primary bovine lymphocytes were collected from the lymph node of a necropsied BLV-positive calf; the clinical sample was provided by Yamaguchi University.

HEK293T cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cellgro; 10% vol/vol). BL3.1 cells were obtained from ATCC and maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with FBS (10% vol/vol).