Sncl2 2h2o

Genistein and SnCl₂·2H₂O was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and the solvents used were purchased from Merck. Instant thin layer chromatography-silica gel (ITLC-SG) (Agilent, Technologies), dose calibrator (Victoreen), Single Channel Analyzer (ORTEC). The technetium-99^m radioisotope was obtained from the Enviro Technetium-99^m Generator, manufactured by Enviro Korea Co., Ltd.

Formamidinium iodide (FAI), methylammonium iodide (MAI), methylammonium bromide (MABr) and methylammonium chloride (MACl) were purchased from Greatcell solar (Australia). PbI₂ (99.99%) was purchased from TCI. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology (China). Dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropanol (IPA), chlorobenzene (CB), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.4%) were purchased from Wako (Japan). 4-tert-butylpyridine (99.9%), acetonitrile (99.9%), SnCl₂·2H₂O (99.99%), urea and mercaptoacetic acid (98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99.3%) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque. All reagents were used as received without further purification.

PLGA was synthesized with different monomer compositions of LA:GA, referred to as PLGA 10, PLGA 20, PLGA 30, PLGA 40, and PLGA 50, with lactic acid to glycolic acid ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, respectively. In a typical synthesis procedure, a mixture of predetermined moles (depending upon molar ratio) of glycolic acid and dl-lactic acid were added to 250 mL three-neck round-bottom flasks, which were equipped with a mechanical stirrer (Luke GL^®, Namyangju-si, Korea) and a vacuum line. The reaction mixture was dehydrated for four hours at 120 °C under a 200 Torr vacuum. The temperature was then raised to 140–160 °C, depending on the molar ratios after 30 min, and a catalyst (SnCl₂·2H₂O 0.30 g, Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) was added to the reaction mixture. Methanesulfonic acid (0.25 g at 2:1 MSA: SnCl₂·2H₂O molar ratio) and diphenylether were also added to the reaction mixture at this stage. The reaction mixture was dehydrated azeotropically over the pre-activated molecular sieves filled in “Soxhlet Extraction tube” (Luke GL^®, Namyangju-si, Korea) under vacuum. After the predefined reaction time of 12 to several hours, the reaction was stopped by taking the flask out of the oil bath, the polymer was taken out of the three-neck flask, and it was then characterized without any further purification.

HYNIC-TEx-Cy7/HYNIC-AEx-Cy7 (5 mg/mL, 1 mL) were incubated with 1 mL of tricine/EDDA solution (20 mg/mL tricine, 10 mg/mL EDDA at pH 6–7; Sigma/Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo, USA). The ⁹⁹Mo/^99mTc generator (Beijing Atom High Tech, Being, China) was used to obtain a 740 MBq ^99mTcO₄⁻ solution, and 20 μL of SnCl₂·2H₂O (1 mg/mL in 0.1 N HCl; Sigma/Aldrich) was added. After a 30-min incubation, exosomes were purified using PD10 Sephadex G-25 (GE, USA). Radio thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC) was used to determine the radiochemical purity with silica gel paper strips (Gelman Sciences, Germany) as a stationary phase and saline as a mobile phase. The stability of exosomes in FBS for 6 h at 37 °C was analyzed using radio-TLC. FT-IR was used to verify whether the DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀ materials were inserted onto the exosomes.

SnO nanostructures were synthesized following a soft chemistry route based on hydrolysis [2 (link),8 (link)], carried out at room conditions, in contraposition with previous studies where Ar atmospheres were used [3 (link)]. Initially, the selected precursor SnCl₂·2H₂O (Sigma-Aldrich purity 99.99%, Darmstadt, Germany) was dissolved in water with continuous stirring at low temperature. Next, NH₄OH (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) was added until pH = 8 was reached and hydrolysis occurred. Then, the temperature was raised to 100 °C for 2 h. The final product was centrifuged and washed several times until obtaining neutral pH; finally, it was dried at 50 °C for 12 h. The product was stored in glass vessels.

Magnesium-doped tin dioxide thin films with three doping concentrations (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 at.%) were synthesized by spray pyrolysis method on cleaned amorphous glass substrate (70 × 30 × 1 mm) at 400 °C. To obtain a 0.8 at.% Mg-doped SnO₂ film, a mixture of 1088 mg of tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O, Sigma-Aldrich, 98%), 40 mg of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂-6H₂O, Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), and 100 mL of ethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, 96%) was stirred under heat for 30 min. Afterwards, this solution was sprayed by a nozzle to the heated substrate using airflow (0.5 mL/min) for 30 min. The same process was used to prepare all films, varying the weight ratio of the precursors according to the doping concentrations. The as-prepared Mg-doped SnO₂ thin films were subsequently annealed at 450 °C in dry air for 60 min in order to ensure the stability of the materials during the gas sensing test. The influence of the annealing temperatures on the SnO₂ thin films’ properties was reported in our previous work [27 (link)]. Finally, the coated samples were cut into parts (10 × 15 × 1 mm) to be used for characterization and gas tests.