Genegreen dye

The genomic DNAs (gDNAs) of bacteria used in the reference assays were extracted by chemical methods using a TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit (Tiangen Biotech, Beijing, China). The concentrations of the purified gDNAs were calculated using a Nanodrop1000 spectrophotometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) and diluted with water to desired concentrations. The 2 × LAMP mastermix was provided by CapitalBio Corporation (Beijing, China), and bovine serum albumin (BSA, final concentration of 3 mg mL⁻¹) was added to the mastermix (total volume of 60 μL) to decrease the non-specific adsorption of enzymes^{40 (link)}. Calcein, manganese chloride, and BSA were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). The DL 2000 DNA marker was purchased from TaKaRa (Dalian, China), and GeneGreen dye was purchased from Tiangen Biotech (Beijing, China). The gel and chip images were obtained and processed using a gel imager (C150, Azure Biosystems, USA). All LAMP primer pairs were synthesized by Invitrogen (Beijing, China), and the sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Each LAMP reaction required four to six primers named F3, B3, FIP, BIP, LF, and LB (LF and LB are not necessary), and the final concentration of each primer in our experiments was 0.3, 0.3, 2.4, 2.4, 1, and 1 μM, respectively.