The gelation kinetics was monitored by rheometric study. The following rheological measurements were carried out at 37 °C on a Haake Mars Modular Advanced Rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). A time sweep mode was adopted (frequency, 1 Hz; strain, 5%) to determine the sol‒gel transition point, using a parallel plate setting (diameter, 40 mm; gap, 1000 μm). Next, at a fixed strain of 5%, a frequency sweep test was performed from 0.1 to 10 Hz to measure the storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″). The frequency range was ensured to stay in the linear viscoelastic region of each hydrogel sample as determined by amplitude sweeps (data not shown). To determine the injectability of such hydrogel hybrids, the viscosity of hydrogel precursor solutions was determined using a standard viscometer (Brookfield, HBDV-II+PRO, USA) as previously described26 (link).
Hbdv 2 pro
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The HBDV-II+Pro is a lab equipment product manufactured by Ametek. It is designed to perform specific laboratory functions. The core function of this equipment is to provide precise and reliable measurements within a controlled laboratory setting.
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4 protocols using hbdv 2 pro
1
Rheological Characterization of Hydrogel Hybrids
2
Foam Contrast Viscosity and Density
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The viscosity and specific gravity of foam contrast were measured using viscometer (HBDV-II + Pro, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., MA, USA) and electronic densitometer (MD-300S, Alfa Mirage Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) at ambient temperature of 23°C by the external testing laboratory (Korea Polymer Testing & Research Institute, Seoul, Korea).
3
Viscosity Measurement of Samples
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Viscosity was measured at 10 rpm and 25 °C using a Brookfield rotational viscometer (HBDV-II+Pro) equipped with a small chamber adaptor. The spindle and sample chamber were SC4–14 and SC4-6RP, respectively. To minimize the effect of uneven temperature, the viscosity measurement was conducted 30 min after the sample was loaded into the chamber kept at 25 °C.
4
High-Temperature Viscosity Measurement of LB Samples
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The experimental system used in this study is an improved version of that described by33 (link). The furnace was changed to a high-temperature muffle furnace (MSFS-1218, Yamada Denki Co., Ltd.) that can increase the temperature up to 1400°C. The LB sample was placed in an alumina crucible with 17% porosity. Porous alumina was selected to prevent fracture during water-quenching and to maximize the quenching rate. A concentric cylindrical viscometer (HBDV-II+Pro, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc.) was connected to an alumina rod introduced into the LB sample from a hole on the top of the furnace to measure the torque. To calculate the shear stress and the shear rate, the equations described in33 (link) were used with the sample height (15 mm), the radius of the rod (2.5 mm), and the radius of container (9.5 mm). Note that the reaction between the alumina parts and the LB sample is limited to the interface and does not affect either the overall microstructure of the sample or the calculation of shear rate. Further details about the calculations are described in Text S1 of the Supplementary Material.
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