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7 protocols using anti psa

1

Prostate Protein Expression Analysis

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Prostate tissue was homogenized in lysis buffer, and total protein was quantified in a bicinchoninic acid assay. Equal amounts of protein were resolved in 10% polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. After blocking with 5% nonfat milk, membranes were incubated overnight at 4° C with anti-PCNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-PSA (Abcam), and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibodies. After incubating with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG (Cell Signaling), immunoreactive proteins were visualized using the ECL detection system (Amersham Biosciences Corp., Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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2

Protein Expression Analysis in Cells and Tumors

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Total protein was extracted from cells and tumors using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer [50 mM Tris (pH 8), 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 5% sodium deoxycholate and 0.1% SDS] supplemented with inhibitors of proteinase and phosphatase. The proteins (20 µg) were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at room temperature, washed with Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST) buffer three times, and incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAPDH; cat. no. AG019; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-tumor protein 53 (p53; cat. no. AP062; 1:1,000 dilution), anti-p21 (cat. no. AP021; 1:1,000 dilution) and anti-PSA (cat. no. ab53774; 1:1,000 dilution). Next, the membrane was washed 3×15 min with TBST and incubated with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-mouse, cat. no. A0216; 1:3,000 dilution; anti-rabbit; cat. no. A0208; 1:3,000 dilution) at room temperature. All primary antibodies were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Haimen, China) except anti-PSA (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The antibody-reactive bands were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents and a gel imaging system (Tanon Science & Technology, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).
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3

Immunoblot Analysis of Seminal Plasma Proteins

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For 1D SDS-PAGE, protein samples were separated using reducing conditions on 12% polyacrylamide gels.11 (link) Precision Plus Protein Standards (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) were used to estimate apparent protein molecular mass. Immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described.9 Electroblots were incubated with the following primary antibody dilutions: anti-CD13 (1:5,000; Gene Tex Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.), anti-Mac-2-binding protein (M2BP) (1:1,000; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), anti-prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) (1:50,000; Gene Tex Inc.), anti-PSA (1:5,000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), or anti-zinc α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) (1:50,000; Gene Tex Inc.).
Lectin blot analysis was performed as previously described,9 using biotinylated intact galectin-3 (10 µg/mL) or galectin-3 CRD (5.7 µg/mL). For competitive inhibition experiments, biotinylated galectin-3 was pre-incubated with 2 mg/mL asialofetuin, 200 mM lactose, or 200 mM sucrose in PBS-Tween 20 for two hours at 4 °C.
For 2D electroblot analysis of human seminal plasma, protein samples were separated in the first dimension using a Biorad-Protean IEF Cell isoelectric focusing apparatus. Isoelectrically focused proteins were subsequently run in the second dimension by SDS-PAGE to resolve proteins by molecular weight. Immunoblot and lectin analyses were performed a minimum of three times.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Prostate Cancer Markers

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Cells were lysed by lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton-X 100, protease inhibitor (Roche)) and disrupted by a sonicator. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm and soluble supernatants were separated. 15–30 μg of cell lysates were mixed with sample buffer (60 mM Tris, 25% glycerol, 2% SDS, 5% β-mercaptoethanol, 0.05% bromophenol blue) and separated by 10% SDS-PAGE. The proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes of each protein size were probed with the primary antibodies and the corresponding secondary antibodies. The signals were detected using LAS-500 (GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer’s protocol. All signals were quantified using Image J software54 (link). Following antibodies were purchased: anti-AR (Cat# SC-7305, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-AR-V7 specific (Cat# 68492S, Cell signaling), anti-PSA (Cat# ab53774, Abcam), anti-GAPDH (Cat# A300-641A, Bethyl), anti-Lamin A/C (Cat# 2032, Cell signaling).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers

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Proteins were separated via 10% SDS-PAGE using mini-PROTEAN TGX stain free gels (Biorad, Hercules, CA, USA), and transferred onto 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membranes using the semi-dry turbo transfer system (Biorad). 1 h incubation in 5% nonfat dry milk (NFDM) in tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) was used for blocking, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibody diluted in 5% NFDM TBST. Primary antibodies and dilutions used in this study were as follow: anti-TMEFF2 (HPA015587, Sigma Aldrich) 1:1,000, anti-PSA (76113, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), 1:1,000, anti-FKBP5 (2901, Abcam), 1:1,000, anti-AR (D6F11, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), 1:1,000, anti-caspase-3 (9662S, Cell Signaling Technology), 1:1,000, anti-H2AX (2595S, Cell Signaling Technology), 1:1,000, anti-phospho-H2AX Ser139 (9718S, Cell Signaling Technology), 1:1,000, anti-Calnexin (22595, Abcam), 1:4,000. Goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody (31460, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) or goat anti-mouse HRP conjugated secondary antibody (sc-2005, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) were diluted in 5% NFDM at a concentration of 80 ng/mL. Clarity Western ECL (Biorad) or SuperSignal West Femto (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used for chemiluminescent detection.
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6

Evaluation of Cancer Marker Antibodies

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The primary antibodies used for cancer markers are as follows: anti-CK18 anti-CK7, anti-TTF-1, anti-CK20, anti-PSA, anti-PSMA (Abcam), and anti-CDX2 (Cell Marque), The secondary antibody was Alexa Fluor-647 conjugate goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen). The staining protocol for primary and secondary antibodies is summarized in SI. To evaluate the staining efficiency of each marker on respective cell lines, the buffer/blood containing cancer cell lines that were pre-stained with CellTracker were captured, purified and released on the membrane chip, followed by staining with respective antibody pair (see SI). The staining efficiency is defined as: (Number of Alexa Flour-647 positive cells) / (Number of CellTracker green-positive cells) × 100%.
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7

Androgen Receptor Signaling Evaluation

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LNCaP and VCaP cells were cultured in phenol red-free RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2% cFBS for 1 day and treated with 1.0 µg/mL DNT or 1 nM R1881 for the indicated durations. Preparation of cell lysate and western blot analysis was carried out as described previously [24 (link)]. The primary antibodies used included anti-AR (sc816, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), anti-PSA (ab76113, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-Cyclin D1 (sc-246, Santa Cruz), anti-nucleolin (sc-13057, Santa Cruz), and anti-tubulin (T5168, Sigma-Aldrich).
The fractionation of LNCaP cells into cytosolic and nuclear fractions was performed using a nuclear/cytosol fractionation kit (BioVision Inc., Mountain View, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Digitalization was performed with ImageJ.
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