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1 155 protocols using nextseq

1

Comprehensive Validation of Genetic Variants

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For the initial training of appreci8 and its subsequent evaluation, we only consider data sets with validated mutations. Validation was achieved using three different approaches: (i) a selected set of calls (mutations, polymorphisms and artifacts) was validated using Sanger sequencing. However, as variants with a VAF below 20% are difficult to confirm with this sequencing technique, (ii) we re-analyzed a subset samples by the same or another technique as validation. Six samples were re-analyzed on Illumina NextSeq. Nine samples were re-analyzed on Ion Torrent PGM (Rothberg et al., 2011 (link)). Twenty-two samples were analyzed on Roche 454 and Illumina NextSeq. NPM1 mutations were validated by LightCycler (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) based melting curve analysis (Schnittger et al., 2005 (link)). As additional validation (iii), all calls reported in case of the two training sets were manually investigated by two independent experts. The variant-specific characteristics as well as the calls themselves in the IGV (Robinson et al., 2011 (link)) were considered. In case of the five test sets, all calls categorized as true were manually investigated. Furthermore, variant-specific characteristics of all calls categorized as polymorphisms and artifacts were investigated.
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2

Exome Sequencing for Somatic Mutations

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Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V4 in-solution hybrid was used to capture kit to target genomic DNA region. Captured libraries are subsequently sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq aiming for ~250X coverage. Raw reads were generated according to Illumina NextSeq protocols, generating 100 bp paired end reads and subsequently aligned to the human genome reference sequence build hg19/GRCh37 using BWA followed by realignment around InDels for quality score recalibration. Single Nucleotide Variations (SNVs) were called using muTect tool (10.1038/nature12213). To obtain metastatic-specific somatic mutation calls, we performed mutation calling for metastatic cell lines, using primary samples as matched normal in Mutect run. We then used Oncotator (10.1002/humu.22771) to annotate the somatic mutations from Mutect. Finally, we performed additional filtering (using Oncotator’s annotations for Exome Sequencing Project and dbSNP databases) to further filter germline mutations. Following somatic mutation calling and filtering, we ran MutSigCV tool (10.1038/nature12213) to determine the acquired mutations. Subsequently, the top ranked genes (196 genes; p value < 0.05), were selected and submitted to The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) for gene-pathway enrichment analysis.
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3

Transcriptomic Profiling of Regenerated Tendons

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Uninjured and regenerated Patellar tendons from Tppp3ECE/+;R26RtdT;ScxGFP mice were isolated by FACS, spun down, re-suspended to 1000 cells per subpopulation, and subjected to RNA Direct-zol kit (Zymo), followed by Ovation RNA-seq V2 System (NuGEN) to generate cDNAs. cDNAs were sonicated to 300-500bp (Covaris) and libraries were generated by the TruSeq RNA Library Prep Kit (Illumina) for single-end 150bp reads (Next-seq, Illumina). For uninjured tdT+H2B-eGFP and tdT+H2B-eGFP+ (from (Tppp3CG/+;R26RtdT;PdgfraH2B-eGFPmice) subpopulations, mRNA was extracted from 800 intact cells per replicate using the SMART-seq v4 Ultra Low Input Kit (Clontech). Amplified cDNAs were sonicated to 300-500bp (Covaris) and libraries were generated by the ThruPLEXDNA-seq Kit (Rubicon Genomics) for single-end 150bp reads (Next-seq, Illumina). All reads were trimmed to 100bp for comparative purposes. RNA-seq data have been submitted to NCBI GEO (SUB4050561).
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4

Transcriptomic Profiling of Regenerated Tendons

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Uninjured and regenerated Patellar tendons from Tppp3ECE/+;R26RtdT;ScxGFP mice were isolated by FACS, spun down, re-suspended to 1000 cells per subpopulation, and subjected to RNA Direct-zol kit (Zymo), followed by Ovation RNA-seq V2 System (NuGEN) to generate cDNAs. cDNAs were sonicated to 300-500bp (Covaris) and libraries were generated by the TruSeq RNA Library Prep Kit (Illumina) for single-end 150bp reads (Next-seq, Illumina). For uninjured tdT+H2B-eGFP and tdT+H2B-eGFP+ (from (Tppp3CG/+;R26RtdT;PdgfraH2B-eGFPmice) subpopulations, mRNA was extracted from 800 intact cells per replicate using the SMART-seq v4 Ultra Low Input Kit (Clontech). Amplified cDNAs were sonicated to 300-500bp (Covaris) and libraries were generated by the ThruPLEXDNA-seq Kit (Rubicon Genomics) for single-end 150bp reads (Next-seq, Illumina). All reads were trimmed to 100bp for comparative purposes. RNA-seq data have been submitted to NCBI GEO (SUB4050561).
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5

Sequencing and Typing of Enteroviruses

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Original stool samples and their respective clinical isolates of CVA-13, CVA-20, and EV-C99 were sequenced using a previously published protocol [40 (link)]. Briefly, MagNA Pure 96 (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) was used for RNA extraction; Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) for tagmentation and library preparation; and Nextseq (Illumina, San Diego, USA) for the sequencing runs. Samples cultured directly on HAE were sequenced using MagNA Pure 96 (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) for DNA/RNA extraction, DNase treatment, and RNA concentration with RNA Clean & Concentrator™-5 (Zymo research, Irvine, USA). The Illumina DNA Prep kit (Illumina, San Diego, USA) was used for tagmentation and library preparation and Nextseq (Illumina, San Diego, USA) for the sequencing runs. The full-length sequences were obtained using the Jovian platform (https://jovian.rivm-bioinformatics.com, web based) and Genome Detective v1.139 (https://www.genomedetective.com/app/typingtool/virus/, web-based). The obtained full-length sequences were aligned using CodonCode Aligner software version 9.0.2 (CodonCode Corporation, Centerville, OH, USA). Based on the complete sequence of the VP1 region for all three viruses, the typing of the original fecal material and the clinical isolates was confirmed.
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6

ChIP-seq and RNA-seq of Primary Cells

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Details for ChIP-sequencing (ChIPseq) and RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), including sample preparation, ERCC Spike-ins, and data analysis, can be found in the Supplemental material. Briefly, ChIPseq libraries were prepared at the end of primary passage. Cells were fixed followed by chromatin shearing and antibody-mediated isolation. Antibodies used can be found in Supplemental Table S2. Libraries were created using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit (NEB #E7645S). Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq (single-end, 75 cycles). RNA libraries were also prepared at the end of primary passage. After an ERCC-spike in, libraries were prepared using the NEB Ultra RNA library Prep Kit (#E7350). Sequencing was performed on an Illumina NextSeq (paired-end, 38 cycles each). Data can be found in GEO (Accession # GSE140361).
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7

Optimized High-Throughput Protein Screening

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Methods for construction and selection for the second library were largely consistent with the first library, save for the following alterations. First, all selections were done in triplicate to ensure minute differences between clones could be reproducibly observed. Second, during the FACS selection, populations were split instead into six populations instead of four. These consisted of: (A) negatives (boundaries determined by unstained control), (B) all positives (any positive fluorescence), and (C) four gates, subdividing the positive gate. Thirdly, amplicons were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq (Illumina) with a paired-end NextSeq 75 bp kit using a custom read 2 primer. This adaption proved to be a critical means to sequence the highly multiplexed sample at sufficient read depth in a cost-efficient manner.
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8

Microbial Community Profiling via Illumina Sequencing

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Library Preparation and Sequencing: The bacterial community composition was determined by Illumina NextSeq-based high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 16S rRNA gene V3-region, according to Krych and colleagues. (2018) [46 (link)] and is described in detail in the supplementary materials and methods. Briefly, the amplified fragments with adapters and tags were purified and normalized using custom made beads, pooled, and subjected to 150 bp pair-ended Illumina NextSeq (V3 region 16S rRNA) sequencing. The raw dataset containing pair-end reads with corresponding quality scores were merged and trimmed, followed by de-replication, purging of chimeric reads, and constructing high quality (97% similarity level) Operational Toxonomic Unit (OTU) that and taxonomically assigned using sintax coupled to the EZtaxon 16S rRNA gene reference database. The sequencing dept. was on average 68,194 read per sample before filtering going down to 62,426 after filtering.
Sequencing data pre-processing: The dataset was purged for OTU’s which were detected below 0.005% across all samples, and normalization was accomplished using MetagenomeSeq v 1.32.0 based on Cumulative Sum Scaling algorithm [47 (link)].
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9

Single-Cell RNA-Seq Protocol for Epithelial and Lamina Propria

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Epithelial and lamina propria single cell suspensions were counted and, if necessary, diluted to a concentration of 200–2000 cells per μl. 10,000 cells from each sample were then loaded on a Chromium controller (10X Genomics). Samples were processed either with v2 or single-indexed v3.1 chemistry as described below, and chemistry type for each sample is included in Table S1.
For v2 samples, cells were loaded on a Chromium Single Cell A Chip (PN-120236) with gel beads from the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library & Gel Bead Kit v2 (PN-120237) and indexed according to the Chromium i7 Multiplex Kit (PN-120262) instructions. Libraries were sequenced on either a NextSeq or a HiSeq X (both from Illumina), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Read 1, Cell barcode and UMI, 26bp, i7 index : 8bp, i5 index : none, Read 2, insert, 98bp).
For single-index v3.1 samples, cells were loaded on a Chromium Next GEM Chip G Single Cell Kit (PN-1000120) with GEMs from the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ GEM, Library & Gel Bead Kit v3.1 (PN-1000121) and indexed according to the Single Index Kit T Set A (PN-1000213) instructions. Libraries were sequenced on either a NextSeq or a HiSeq X (both from Illumina), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Read 1, Cell barcode and UMI, 26bp, i7 index : 8bp, i5 index : none, Read 2, insert, 91 or 96bp).
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10

Single-Cell RNA-Seq Protocol for Epithelial and Lamina Propria

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Epithelial and lamina propria single cell suspensions were counted and, if necessary, diluted to a concentration of 200–2000 cells per μl. 10,000 cells from each sample were then loaded on a Chromium controller (10X Genomics). Samples were processed either with v2 or single-indexed v3.1 chemistry as described below, and chemistry type for each sample is included in Table S1.
For v2 samples, cells were loaded on a Chromium Single Cell A Chip (PN-120236) with gel beads from the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library & Gel Bead Kit v2 (PN-120237) and indexed according to the Chromium i7 Multiplex Kit (PN-120262) instructions. Libraries were sequenced on either a NextSeq or a HiSeq X (both from Illumina), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Read 1, Cell barcode and UMI, 26bp, i7 index : 8bp, i5 index : none, Read 2, insert, 98bp).
For single-index v3.1 samples, cells were loaded on a Chromium Next GEM Chip G Single Cell Kit (PN-1000120) with GEMs from the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ GEM, Library & Gel Bead Kit v3.1 (PN-1000121) and indexed according to the Single Index Kit T Set A (PN-1000213) instructions. Libraries were sequenced on either a NextSeq or a HiSeq X (both from Illumina), according to manufacturer’s instructions (Read 1, Cell barcode and UMI, 26bp, i7 index : 8bp, i5 index : none, Read 2, insert, 91 or 96bp).
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