Uv vis spectrophotometer

For the collection of serum, blood was centrifuged for 10 min at 3500xg. The glucose amount was determined by using a commercial kit Eco-Pak glucose (Accurex Biomedical Pvt. Ltd., India), and was read at 505 nm on a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Systronics, 118). Glycogen concentration was estimated via the Anthrone reagent procedure^{53 (link)}. The total protein amount was determined by Bradford’s^{54 (link)} method.

Crude enzyme extracts from the organisms were assayed for a-galactosidase activity according to the method of Scalabrini et al. (1998) (link). The enzyme assay is based on the principle that when α-galactosidase enzyme acts on the substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactoside (HiMedia, India), a colorimetric reaction takes place which releases p-nitrophenol (pNP) in the medium. $\beta$ -glucosidase activity was determined by measuring the rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl $\beta$ -D-glucopyranoside (HiMedia, India) according to the method of Otieno and Shah (2007) (link) and Scalabrini et al. (1998) (link). The amount of p-nitrophenol released was measured spectrophotometrically using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Systronics, Ahmedabad) at 410 nm.

For culture preparation, nutrient broth was prepared, autoclaved and then culture was inoculated from freshly sub cultured plates into the liquid medium containing 50 ml nutrient broth. After inoculation, incubated for overnight incubation at 37 °C. Further, after incubation the growth was measured by UV–VIS Spectrophotometer (Systronics119), India at 600 nm in each flask. Next, for fungi, growth was observed visually and 2 mm of disc was used for inoculums for the removal experiment.

The experiments relevant to the degradation of ORG dye were performed in a closed box apparatus equipped with a tungsten lamp (100 W), having wavelengths of 400–800 nm of the visible range of spectra. The UV-DRS of the catalyst reflected that its absorption falls in the visible range. The photon flux was determined to be 500 lux. ORG dye aqueous solutions (100 mL) with an appropriate amount of catalyst, H₂O₂ and obtained solution was transferred into a double walled cylindrical glass reactor equipped with water circulation and a magnetic stirrer. The pH of the reaction mass was maintained by adding a sufficient amount of dilute H₂SO₄ or NaOH aqueous solutions and all the process conditions and quantities specified in the experimental design (Table 1). The adsorption and desorption stability of the dye on the surface of the photocatalyst was achieved by keeping the suspension in the dark for 30 min prior to illumination. Then, 4 mL of aliquots were taken from the reaction mass at hourly intervals and were centrifuged, followed by micron filtration by Whatman filter paper grade 1, with pore size 11 μm (purchased from Axiva Sichem Biotech (New Delhi, India) in order to eliminate the suspended particles prior to UV absorption reading. The ORG dye concentration was estimated by measuring the absorbance at the wavelength of 475 nm using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Systronics 117).

UV–Vis spectra were recorded to check the reduction of silver nitrate with A. precatorius ethyl acetate extract using a Systronics UV–Vis Spectrophotometer in the range of 300–700 nm. A Zetasizer nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern) was used to determine the nanoconjugates' average hydrodynamic particle size distribution and zeta-potential. In order to prepare a well-dispersed suspension, the sample was first diluted with MilliQ water followed by 10 min of ultrasonication. FT-IR spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Frontier ATR/IR) was used to compare the IR spectra of both A. precatorius seed extracts and AgNCs in the λ range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹. The structural morphology and elemental analysis of the AgNCs was studied using ZEISS EVO Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)^{65 (link),66 (link)}.

Relative deformability, an indicator of elasticity of vesicles, was measured by extruding the formulation through a polycarbonate filter (pore size 220 nm, Merck Millipore, Merck Ltd., Mumbai, India), at a constant pressure of 0.17 MPa [20 (link)]. The relative deformability was measured in terms of the time required for extrusion of 10 mL of formulation. The experiment was repeated, and the results are expressed as the mean of six determinations ± SD [21 (link)]. To analyze the transparency, transmittance (%) of the undiluted spanlastics was measured at 600 nm using (UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Systronics, Ahmedabad, India).