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63 protocols using nano zs instrument

1

CLA-PTX and PTX Nanoparticle Formulation

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The ratio of CLA-PTX:DSPE-PEG was set at 1:0.0125, 1:0.025, 1:0.05, 1:0.1, 1:0.15, 1:0.2, 1:0.33, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 or 1:80 (w/w). The concentration of CLA-PTX was 2 mg/ml. According to the CLA-PTX NPs prparation, a volume of 0.3 ml CLA-PTX mixed DSPE-PEG DMSO solution was added drop-wise to 3 ml distilled water under continuous and gentle stirring (300–500 rpm) at room temperature. The particle size of CLA-PTX NPs was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements on a Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
As a control group, the CLA-PTX was replaced by PTX. Similarly, the ratio of PTX:DSPE-PEG was set at 1:0.0125, 1:0.025, 1:0.05, 1:0.1, 1:0.15, 1:0.2, 1:0.33, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 or 1:80 (w/w). The concentration of PTX was 2 mg/ml. According to the CLA-PTX NPs preparation, a volume of 0.3 ml of PTX mixed DSPE-PEG DMSO solution was added drop-wise to 3 ml distilled water under continuous and gentle stirring (300–500 rpm) at room temperature. The particle size of the PTX particles was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements on a Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
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2

Zeta Potential Characterization of Dendrimers

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Zeta potential measurements were performed on a Nano ZS instrument (Malvern Panalytical Ltd, Malvern, UK), with a He–Ne laser (633 nm), using an electrophoretic light scattering technique. The analyses were done at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C with dendrimer solutions at 100 µM in Milli-Q water (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and analyzed with the Smoluchowski model.
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3

Preparation and Characterization of CLA-PTX Nanoparticles

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The concentration of CLA-PTX was 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg/ml, respectively. DSPE-PEG was added to the CLA-PTX DSMO solution at a ratio of CLA-PTX:DSPE-PEG = 1:0.1 (w/w). According to the CLA-PTX NP preparation, a volume of 0.3 or 1.0 ml CLA-PTX mixed DSPE-PEG DMSO solution was added drop-wise to 3 ml distilled water under continuous and gentle stirring (300–500 rpm) at room temperature. After dialysis against distilled water for 48 h (MWCO = 3500 Da), the particle size of CLA-PTX NPs was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements on a Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK).
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4

Characterization of mUPR@ Ru(POP) Nanoparticles

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The morphology, particle size, and zeta potential of mUPR@ Ru(POP) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM; H-7650; Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR; Equinox 55; Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) spectroscopy was conducted in the range of 4,000−500 cm−1.
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Coated Gold Nanoparticles

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Quasi-spherical citrate-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized according to the modified Lee–Meisel method [57 (link)]. Tetrachloroauric acid was reduced by sodium borohydride (0.1%) in the presence of sodium citrate (1%) as stabilizing agent. Morphology and size distribution of the particles obtained were assessed by a FEI Tecnai G2 20 X-Twin (Field Electron and Ion Company (FEI) Corporate Headquarters, Hillsboro, OR, USA) transmission electronmicroscope at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV, furthermore, additional size and surface charge measurements were performed by a Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (Malvern, Worchestershire, UK). The optical properties of the obtained nanoparticles were assessed by spectral analysis. Absorbance spectra were recorded using an Ocean Optics 355 DH-2000-BAL ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer (Halma PRC, Largo, FL, USA) within the 300–800 nm range.
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6

Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with
Gd2O3 and fluorophore (fluorescein or tetramethyl
rhodamine isothiocyanate) (FITC-Gd2O3-MSN) were
manufactured following a previously reported synthesis21 (link) and stored at room temperature. An
aliquot of this synthesis, which yielded over 1 gram of dried MSN, was further
functionalized with trifluoropyl moieties by grafting (3, 3, 3) trifluoropropyl
trimethoxysilane onto the surface under reflux with toluene. Similarly, MSN with
fluorophore only (FITC-MSN) and MSN with other metals
(Fe3O4-FITC-MSN; Bi2O3-FITC-MSN; Au-FITC-MSN) were synthesized. Size and morphology
homogeneity were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), using a Rigaku Ultima
IV diffractometer, nitrogen sorption analysis in a Micromeritics ASAP 2020
surface area and porosity analyzer using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
equation to calculate surface area and pore volume and the
Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) equation to calculate the pore size distribution.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to obtain particle size distribution and
zeta potential data, using the Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument (University
of Iowa, Department of Chemistry). The materials were also visualized by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by supporting samples on copper grids in
a JEOL JEM 1230 microscope operating at 40–120 kV(University of Iowa,
Central Microscopy Research Facility).
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7

Characterization of Wastewater Foulant Properties

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The relative hydrophobicity of foulant samples was measured as described by Pembrey et al. [23 (link)]. The zeta potentials of samples were recorded using a Zetasizer Nano ZS Instrument (Malvern, Malvine, UK). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (not shown) were taken with the non-contact mode (XE7, Park, Suwon, Korea). The average roughness and the fractal dimension were obtained from XEI software provided by the AFM manufacturer. Standard analytic methods were used to measure the COD, NH4+-N, MLSS, and MLVSS [24 ].
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8

Comprehensive Material Characterization Protocol

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TEM and AFM images of STPE-PMNSs were obtained from Hitachi HT7700 and Bruker MultiMode 8, respectively. STEM-HAADF images were obtained from Themis Z (Thermo Scientific). Zeta potential and size of STPE-PMNSs were measured on Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern Instruments Limited) and Brookhaven BI-200SM, respectively. FT-IR was obtained from Nicolet 7000-c. The fluorescence emission spectra were measured on a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, RF-6000). XRD patterns were recorded on an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å) and XPS was measured on Thermo ESCALAB 250Xi spectroscope. HRTEM and EDXS were performed on a JEOL JEM-F200. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR spectra were obtained on Bruker nuclear resonance (400 MHz) spectrometer. HRMS data was collected on Thermo Scientific Xcalibur.
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9

Characterization of TCNCoT Nanomaterials

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A transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1230, Japan) and high-resolution transmission (HRTEM, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) were used to investigate the morphology of TCNCoT. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution XPS spectra were collected by an Axis Ultra DLD X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained by a Bruker D8 diffractometer with high-intensity Cu-Kα radiation. The zeta potentials were measured using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS instrument (Malvern ZEN3600, UK). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were recorded using a JEOL JES-FA200 electron spin resonance spectrometer. PL emission spectra were measured using an FLS 980 series of fluorescence spectrometers.
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10

Polymer Characterization Protocols

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1H NMR spectra were measured using a Varian liquid-state NMR operated at 400 MHz. Molecular weights of polymers were determined using a Waters 1515 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with a RI detector, in reference with a series of polystyrene standards with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the eluent. Shimadzu RF-5301 spectrofluorophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) was used for fluorescence measurements. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements for micelle diameters were performed using a Malvern Nano-ZS instrument (Worcestershire, UK) equipped with a 4 mW He–Ne laser (633 nm) with an output at a scattering angle of 173°. The solution was passed through a 0.45 μm Nylon micro-filter (VWR, Batavia, IL) to remove dust before the DLS measurements.
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