Lithium carbonate (Li CO ; 99%), potassium chloride (99.999 Suprapur), and acetone (p.a.) were purchased from Merck, whereas ethanol (96%) and tetrahydrofuran (THF; 99.9%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Water was purified using a Seralpur Pro 90C unit in combination with a USF Elga laboratory unit. The electrodes were constructed from AISI 316 stainless steel (TBJ Industrieteile GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) foil. ethanol-susceptible thin films were prepared using an alcohol-based ink marker (Lumocolor duo 348 WP4 Permanent marker Red, Staedtler, Nuremberg, Germany ) and THF-susceptible thin films were prepared using epoxy-based composite adhesives (2K Metal Epoxy Adhesive 86490; Kent, Fife, UK). Insulating tape (Tesa, Germany) and adsorption paper (Multi Fun, Paloma, Sladki Vrh, Slovenia) were purchased locally. Euroturbo microscope slides D100001 (Deltalab, Barcelona, Spain) were used as glass substrates and for device encapsulation.
Lithium carbonate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Lithium carbonate is a white, crystalline compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It has the chemical formula Li2CO3 and a molecular weight of 73.89 g/mol. Lithium carbonate is a source of the lithium ion, which has various applications in research and analysis.
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Lab products found in correlation
Cresyl violet acetate, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
L glutamine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
β mercaptoethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Avantor (4 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dansyl chloride, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Arium pro, by Sartorius (4 mentions)
Methylamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
L lysine monohydrochloride, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Permount, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Bovine myelin basic protein, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Arachidic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Luxol fast blue (lfb), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Lithium chloride (licl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tert butanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tert butylpyridine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
47 protocols using lithium carbonate
1
Fabrication of Ethanol- and THF-Susceptible Thin Films
2
Pig Tissue Histological Preparation Protocol
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The representative section for each tissue block was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphological examination, as well as digitalization for the online tissue dictionary (www.rnaatlas.org/pig/dictionary ). Deparaffinization and rehydration of tissue slides were performed using Leica ST5010 Autostainer XL starting with 11 min (5 + 5 + 1) incubation in xylene (Histolab), followed by 6 min (3 + 3) ethanol absolute (VWR), 8 min (5 + 3) 96% ethanol (VWR), 3 min 80% ethanol (mixed from 96% ethanol), and finally 3 min deionized water. The rehydration steps were followed by 3 min in filtered Mayers hematoxylin (Histolab), 3 min wash in running water, 1 min in lithium carbonate (Merck Millipore, 1:5 saturated lithium carbonate in deionized water), another 5 min in running water, and then 1 min Eosin Y before initiation of dehydration and cover glass mounting. Dehydration was performed by 14 s (7 + 7) 80% ethanol, 14 s (7 + 7) 96% ethanol, absolute ethanol (7 s + 3 min + 3 min), and 6 min (3 + 3) NeoClear® before automated cover glass (VWR) mounting by the Autostainer XL extension (slide mounting robot Leica CV5030 unit) with Pertex® (Histolab) as mounting media. Slides were moved from the mounting rack into an oven for drying two times 20 min at 50 °C.
3
Eosinophil Staining and Visualization
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Eosinophils can be identified by their distinctive nuclear shape as well as the granules present in their cytoplasm (Figure 1). Rehydrated sections were stained first in Weigert's Iron Hematoxylin (kit, ENG Scientific, Clifton, NJ) for 5 min and blued in 0.5% lithium carbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) until the sections noticeably changed color and were rinsed with tap water. This was followed with a 3-min staining step in aqueous 1% Biebrich scarlet (Ponceau BS, Sigma-Aldrich). Slides were then differentiated in 1% hydrochloric acid in 70% ethanol for 5 to 7 dips. Sections were then rinsed in running tap water until slides turned a noticeable purple-blue color (about 2 min). Sections were dehydrated through graded series of ethanol and 2 changes of histological grade xylene (Thermo Fisher Scientific) before mounting with a resinous medium (Permount, Thermo Fisher Scientific).
4
Lithium-Pilocarpine Seizure Model in Rats
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The procedure was essentially as described previously [26 (link),29 (link)] with minor modifications. At postnatal day 23 (P23), male Sprague Dawley rats (the animal colony of the Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with lithium carbonate (222 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) dissolved in saline (pH equalized to 7.4). At P24, 18–20 h after Li+ treatment, animals were injected i.p. with methyl-scopolamine (1 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and thirty minutes later with pilocarpine (40 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). From then on, the animal’s behavior was continuously monitored utilizing five-stage Racine scale [72 (link)]: 1: mouth and facial movement, 2: head nodding, 3: forelimb clonus, 4: rearing with forelimb clonus, 5: rearing and falling with forelimb clonus, considering stages 1–3 as a focal and 4–5 as a generalized seizure. Rats were decapitated either 15′ (short period) or 60′ (long period) after Pilo administration (see also Section 4.4 ). Control rats that did not receive Pilo were given equal volumes of saline at the same time.
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Alginate Hydrogel
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Chitosan (85% deacetylation) CAS: 9012.76.4 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium alginate (90% carboxylation) CAS: 9005.38.3 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China), acrylamide CAS: 76.06.1 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), acrylic acid CAS: 79.10.7 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) CAS: 110.26.9 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), ammonium persulfate (APS) CAS: 7727.54.0 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium hydroxide CAS: 1310-73-2 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), lithium carbonate CAS: 554-13-2 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), lithium chloride CAS 7447-41-8 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), calcium carbonate Cas No: 471-34-1 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium chloride CAS 7647-14-5 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), potassium chloride CAS 7447-40-7 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), hydrochloric acid solution CAS No: 7647-01-0 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), methylene blue hydrate CAS: 122965-43-9 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and methyl orange CAS: 547-58-0 (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), were all purchased from Merck Group Francisco de Paula 1981, Ñuñoa, (Merck S.A. Sigma–Aldrich, Región Metropolitana, Chile).
6
Embryo Paraffin Embedding Technique
7
Luxol Fast Blue Staining of Myelin
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Luxol flast blue (LFB) stains myelin, and should be dark blue in the white matter, and lighter blue (or even clear) in the gray matter. We followed principal guidelines and adapted the protocol from Pathology Center-Histological methods for CNS1 (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science) for this staining. The sections were incubated 2 h at 45°C in 0.1% Luxol Fast Blue (Solvent blue 38, Sigma Aldrich, catalog #S3352) in 95% Ethanol, then rinsed in H2Od. The differentiation (clearing over-dye) was performed in 0.05% Lithium carbonate (Sigma Aldrich, catalog #62470) for 1 min before immersion in 70% Ethanol for 10 min.
8
Evaluation of Medicinal Plant Extracts for Gastric Ulcers
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Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Pulasari (Alyxia reinwardtii), and Sembung (Blumea balsamifera) were collected from July to August 2012 from areas around Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The plants were identified by a botanist at the Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Center, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The voucher specimens were stored in the herbarium of the department. Sucralfate was purchased from PT Kalbe Farma Tbk Indonesia, whereas aspirin (inducer for gastric ulcers), hematoxylin, eosin, lithium carbonate, Canadian balsam, and toluidine blue were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St Louis, MO).
9
Chitosan-based Antidepressant Drug Delivery
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Chitosan with the deacetylation degree (DD) of 95% and molecular weight (Mw) of 360 kDa was purchased from Panacea Biotech (Punjab, India). Lithium carbonate was bought from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St. Louis, USA) and the standard antidepressant drug was obtained from Cadila Pharmaceuticals, (Ahmedabad, India). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.
10
Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Cantaloupe was purchased from a local market. The fly ash powder utilized in the present investigation was obtained from the Mae Moh Power Plant in the northern Thai province of Lampang. PEDOT:PSS, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), tetraammineplatinum (II) chloride hydrate (Pt (NH3)4Cl2·xH2O), ethyl cellulose (C20H38O11), isopropyl alcohol (>99.8 %, C3H8O), tert-butanol (>99.70 %, C4H10O), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (>98 %, C16H31IN2), lithium carbonate (99.99 %, Li2CO3), tert-butylpyridine (96 %, C13H21N), and acetonitrile (99.8 %, CH3CN) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Ruthenizer 535-bisTBA and PST-18NR paste were acquired from Solaronix S.A. Lithium iodide anhydrous (99.99 %, Lil) and lithium perchlorate anhydrous (99 %, LiClO4) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Iodine (>99.8 %, I2) was acquired from Riedel-de Haen. Fluorine-doped tin oxide glass (FTO, 15 Ω/sq) was obtained from Solaronix. All chemicals were used as received with no further purification.
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