Cholesterol and cholic acid

Neu5Ac was purchased from Carbosynth Limited (Compton, Berkshire, UK), while analytical grade ethanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Lipid profile kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories Ltd. (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK), while ELISA kits (leptin, insulin, and adiponectin) were purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China), and Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA), respectively. An RNA extraction kit was purchased from RBC Bioscience Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan), and a GenomeLab GeXP Start Kit was purchased from Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Miami, FL, USA). Simvastatin was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA), and RCL-2 solution was purchased from Alphelys (Toulouse, France). Cholesterol and cholic acid were purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), respectively. Standard rat pellet was purchased from Specialty Feeds (Glen Forrest, WA, USA), while palm oil was supplied by Yee Lee Edible Oils Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia).

Leptin, F2-isoprostane, and insulin ELISA kits were purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China), while adiponectin ELISA kit was from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Lipid profile kits were purchased from Randox Laboratories Ltd (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK). GenomeLab GeXP Start Kit was from Beckman Coulter Inc (Miami, FL, USA), and RNA extraction kit was from RBC Bioscience Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan). Simvastatin was from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA) and RCL2 Solution from Alphelys (Toulouse, France). Analytical grade ethanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Cholesterol and cholic acid were purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), respectively. Standard rat pellet was from Specialty feeds (Glen Forrest, WA, USA), while palm oil was supplied by Yee Lee Edible oils Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia). EBN, of Aerodramus fuciphagus (white nest swiftlet) origin, supplied by Blossom View Sdn. Bhd (Terrengganu, Malaysia) was cleaned under tap water for 5 mins, dried at room temperature, and ground into powder manually using mortar and pestle before incorporating it into rat pellet.

C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-α) ELISA kits were purchased from Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, China), while 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (TMP), thiobarbituric acid, potassium persulphate (K₂S₂O₈), 2,2’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) reagent, trolox standard and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Loius, MO, USA). RNA extraction kit was from RBC Bioscience Corp. (Taipei, Taiwan) and GenomeLab™ GeXP Start Kit was from Beckman Coulter Inc (Miami, FL, USA). Simvastatin, RCL2 solution and lipid profile kits were from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA), Alphelys (Toulouse, France) and Randox Laboratories Ltd (Crumlin, County Antrim, UK), respectively. Cholesterol and Cholic acid were purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA), respectively. Standard rat pellet was from Specialty feeds (Glen Forrest, WA, USA), while palm oil was supplied by Yee Lee Edible oils Sdn. Bhd. (Perak, Malaysia). All other solvents were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). EBN supplied by Blossom View Sdn. Bhd (Terrengganu, Malaysia) was cleaned under tap water for 5 mins, dried at room temperature and ground into powder manually using mortar and pestle before incorporating it into rat pellet.