Sulfamerazine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Sulfamerazine is a white, crystalline powder that is used in the pharmaceutical and laboratory industries. It is a sulfonamide compound that exhibits antimicrobial properties. The core function of Sulfamerazine is to serve as a building block for the synthesis of various drug formulations and as a reagent in analytical and research applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

19 protocols using sulfamerazine

Quantification of Sulfadiazine and Sulfamerazine

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Sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and were of the highest purity available. Methanol (HPLC-grade) was obtained from Applichem, Darmstadt, Germany.

Stahl J., Zessel K., Schulz J., Finke J.H., Müller-Goymann C.C, & Kietzmann M. (2016). The effect of miscellaneous oral dosage forms on the environmental pollution of sulfonamides in pig holdings. BMC Veterinary Research, 12, 68.

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Structurally Diverse Glass Former Dataset

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A structurally diverse dataset (n = 26), composed of compounds previously classified as glass formers (GFs) when prepared by melt-quenching, solvent evaporation, or spray-drying methods, was included in the study [5 (link),7 (link),8 (link),9 (link),10 (link),18 (link)]. Only compounds supplied in their free crystalline form (i.e., no salts, solvates, hydrates, etc.), as confirmed by DSC analysis, were used.
Metolazone was purchased from API Chemical (Hangzhou, China). Acetaminophen, bezafibrate, clofoctol, chlorpropamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, glibenclamide, glipizide, hydrocortisone, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole, and tinidazole were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Aripiprazole, cinnarizine, clotrimazole, droperidol, d-salicin, fenofibrate, flurbiprofen, hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, prednisone, and probucol were obtained from Toronto Research Chemical (Toronto, ON, Canada). Indapamide and procaine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Acetone was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), ethanol by Solveco (Rosersberg, Sweden), and phosphorus pentoxide by VWR (Leuven, Belgium). All of the chemicals used in this study were of either pharmaceutical or analytical grade with a specified purity of ≥ 97%.

Edueng K., Bergström C.A., Gråsjö J, & Mahlin D. (2019). Long-Term Physical (In)Stability of Spray-Dried Amorphous Drugs: Relationship with Glass-Forming Ability and Physicochemical Properties. Pharmaceutics, 11(9), 425.

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Multiresidue Analysis of Sulfonamides

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MeCN, methanol, n‐hexane, and formic acid were supplied by Merck. Ultrapure water was prepared with a Milli‐Q system by Millipore. All solvents were in chromatographic grade.
Analytical standards (≥98%) of sulfadiazine (SD), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamerazine (SM), sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamethizole (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfathiazole (STZ) sulfachlorpyridazine (SCD), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMD), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadoxine (SDX), sulfisoxazole (SIZ), sulfabenzamide (SBA), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), sulfacetamide (SAA), and sulfaphenazole (SPZ) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Stock solutions were prepared at a concentration of 100 µg/ml in methanol, and mixed standard solutions were diluted to 1,000 ng/ml. All solutions were stored at −20°C.
Oasis PRiME HLB (6cc, 200 mg) was purchased from Waters. EMR‐L product was purchased from Agilent Technologies, which consisted of two 15‐ml centrifuge tubes. QuEChERS d‐SPE EMR‐L contained 1 g EMR‐L material, and QuEChERS Final Polish EMR‐L contained 1.6 g magnesium sulfate and 0.4 g sodium chloride for salting out.

Wang J., Hu Q., Li P., Fang Y., Yang W., Ma N, & Pei F. (2019). Comparison of three different lipid removal cleanup techniques prior to the analysis of sulfonamide drug residues in porcine tissues. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(9), 3006-3016.

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Oxidative Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics

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Sulfadiazine (purity > 99%), sulfamerazine (purity > 99%), and sulfamethoxazole (purity > 99%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA); their physical and chemical properties (molecular formula, structural formula, molecular weight, ionization equilibrium constant pKa, etc.) were shown in Table 1. Oxidant potassium ferrate (purity > 90%) was also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Buffer solution used in the experiment was made up of analytical grade of potassium hydroxide, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium borate, with sodium thiosulfate being reaction terminators. Mobile phases of formic acid purchased from Fluka (Switzerland) and acetonitrile purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) are chromatographic grade; formic acid solution was prepared from Milli-Q ultrapure water (18.2 Ω). Other chemicals were of analytical grade and above, and all were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Water used in experiment was deionized water.

Zhang K., Luo Z., Zhang T., Gao N, & Ma Y. (2015). Degradation Effect of Sulfa Antibiotics by Potassium Ferrate Combined with Ultrasound (Fe(VI)-US). BioMed Research International, 2015, 169215.

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Analytical Method for Pharmaceuticals

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Acetaminophen (ACT), acetylsulfamethoxazole (ASMX), azithromycin (AZI), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), clarithromycin (CLA), enrofloxacin (ENRO), erythromycin (ERY), iopamidol (IOPA), norfloxacin (NOR), oxy tetracycline (OTC), sarafloxacin (SARA), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfadiazine (SPD), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfameter (SMT), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethizole (SMI), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TC), and trimethoprim (TMP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and diclofenac (DIC) were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. (Tewksbury, MA). Sulfathiazole was purchased from ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Irvine, CA). carbamazepine-d10 (d10-CBZ) was purchased from CDN Isotopes (Quebec, Canada). Chlortetracycline (CTC) was obtained from Acros Organics (VWR International, Westchester, PA). Paroxetine maleate (PRX) and venlafaxine (VEN) were obtained from Cerilliant (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO). The Barnstead NANOpure™ DIamond (Waltham, MA) purification system was used to obtain 18.2 MΩ water. LC-MS grade methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from EMD Millipore Corporation (Billerica, MA), and formic acid (88%) was purchased from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA). Oasis™ HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were purchased from Waters (Milford, MA).

Angeles L.F, & Aga D.S. (2018). Establishing Analytical Performance Criteria for the Global Reconnaissance of Antibiotics and Other Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2018, 7019204.

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Analytical Method for Sulfonamides

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Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfaguanidine (SGD), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethoxazole (SMO), and fluorescamine were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, and acetone were purchased from Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands). Ethyl acetate, acetic acid (99.5%), and sodium acetate were purchased from Chempur (PiekaryŚląskie, Poland), and the ammonia solution 25% was purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Purified water was prepared in-house with a Milli-Q water system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA).

Patyra E., Przeniosło-Siwczyńska M, & Kwiatek K. (2019). Determination of Sulfonamides in Feeds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography after Fluorescamine Precolumn Derivatization. Molecules, 24(3), 452.

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Quantification of Sulfonamide Residues

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Ammonia solution (30%), acetic acid (99.5%), n-hexane (95%), ammonium acetate (98%), were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Rodano, Italy). Chloroform and acetone (analytical grade) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Water, acetonitrile and methanol of HPLC grade were purchased from Baker (Deventer, Holland). The 0.02 M acetate buffer solution, used as solution (A) for HPLC mobile phase, was prepared by dissolving 1.54 g of ammonium acetate in water. The pH value was adjusted to 4.50±0.02 with acetic acid. Standards of SAs [sulfadiazine (SDA) 99.3%, sulfathiazole (STZ) 99.9%, sulfapyridine (SP) 99.7%, sulfamerazine (SM) 98.8%, sulfamethazine (SMZ) 99.8%, sulfamethoxipyridazine (SMP) 99.7%, sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) 99.4%, sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) 98%, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 99.9%, sulfadoxine (SDO) 99.8%, sulfaphenazole (SNZ) 99%, sulfadimethoxine (SDM) 99.8% and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) 96%] were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
Working standards at concentration of 0.25-0.5-1.0-2.0-4.0 mg/L were prepared by appropriate dilution in mobile phase to make calibrations curves for the detection of SAs in meat. A feed sample fortified at five concentrations (0.2, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) with standard solutions of SAs before the extraction was used to obtain the calibration curve for the analysis of SAs in feed.

Armentano A., Summa S., Magro S.L., D’Antini P., Palermo C, & Muscarella M. (2016). Core-Shell in Liquid Chromatography: Application for Determining Sulphonamides in Feed and Meat Using Conventional Chromatographic Systems. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 5(4), 6166.

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Quantitative Analysis of Sulfonamides

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Certified standards of sulfaguanidine, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and fluorescamine were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All reagents used were of analytical grade, >95% purity. Acetonitrile and methanol for HPLC were from J.T. Baker (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl acetate, acetic acid and ammonia solution (25%) were purchased from POCH (Gliwice, Poland). High purity water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹ was obtained from a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

Osiński Z., Patyra E, & Kwiatek K. (2022). HPLC-FLD-Based Method for the Detection of Sulfonamides in Organic Fertilizers Collected from Poland. Molecules, 27(6), 2031.

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Newt Limb Regeneration and Mouse Muscle Repair

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Adult red-spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, were supplied by Charles D. Sullivan Co. (Nashville, TN, USA). Animals were anaesthetized by placing them in an aqueous solution of 0.1% ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt (Sigma) for 15 min. Upper forelimbs were amputated by cutting ~2–3 mm above the elbow, and the bone and soft tissue were trimmed to produce a flat amputation surface. Animals were left to recover overnight in an aqueous solution of 0.5% sulfamerazine (Sigma). At specified time points, the regenerating limbs were collected from the utmost shoulder of the animal after anaesthetization. FLIVO probe (6 μg per animal) was injected into the pulmonary artery 1 h before killing.
For mouse muscle regeneration experiment, a total volume of 30 μl of 0.75% bupivacaine was injected into the TA muscle of 2-month-old NOD-SCID female mice under anaesthesia (Day 1). The dedifferentiated cells (10⁵ h2bYFP⁺ C2C12 cells or 5 × 10⁴ tomato⁺ primary cells in 30 μl PBS) were implanted into the same muscle (Day 8). The TA muscle was harvested on Day 22. All animal experiments were performed according to the European Community and local ethics committee guidelines.

Wang H., Lööf S., Borg P., Nader G.A., Blau H.M, & Simon A. (2015). Turning terminally differentiated skeletal muscle cells into regenerative progenitors. Nature Communications, 6, 7916.

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Fused-Silica Capillary for Analytical Techniques

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Fused-silica
capillary with I.D. 100 μm and O.D. 365 μm was purchased
from Yongnian Ruifeng Chromatographic Devices (Hebei, China). Syringes
were obtained from Yu’an (Henan) Holding Co., Ltd. (China).
IA was obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (China).
AHM was obtained from TCI Company (Shanghai, China). Toluene, Ala–Tyr,
cytarabine, Leu–Leu, azacitidine, Leu–Gly, cyclocytidine,
methanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from Shanghai Sinopharm
Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate
(γ-MAPS) was obtained from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou,
China). Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate
(Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O), sodium persulfate
(Na₂S₂O₈), PEG400, N-methylThiourea, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), N,N′-dimethylThiourea, and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) were obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Reagent Factory
(China). Thiourea, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadiazine
were obtained from Alfa-Aesar (Tianjin, China). Sulfamerazine, idoxuridine,
and 5-methyluridine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Beijing, China).
All of the reagents used in the experiment were of analytical grade.

Mao Z., Chen J., Jiang D., Zhao N., Qin Y., Mao X., Fang F, & Ma P. (2023). Itaconic Acid-Based Organic-Polymer Monolithic Column for Hydrophilic Capillary Electrochromatography and Its Application in Pharmaceutical Analysis. ACS Omega, 9(1), 1554-1561.

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