Ciprofloxacin

Manufactured by AppliChem

Sourced in Germany

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. It is used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. The core function of Ciprofloxacin is to inhibit the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes, which are essential for bacterial cell division and DNA replication.

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Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, (2 citations)

7 protocols using ciprofloxacin

Antimicrobial Compound Procurement Protocol

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Streptomycin (S6501), sulfamethoxazole (S6377), vancomycin (V1130), ceftriaxone (C5793), fosfomycin (P5396), and daptomycin (D2446) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Tobramycin (T1598) was obtained from Spectrum. Azithromycin (3771) was obtained from TOCRIS. Ciprofloxacin (A4556) was obtained from AppliChem Panreac. Gentamicin (BP918–1) and rifampin (BP2679–1) were obtained from Fisher. Nalidixic acid (KCN23100) was obtained from PR1MA. Tetracycline (T17000) was obtained from Research Products International. All E-test strips were obtained from Biomérieux.

Ismail A.S., Berryhill B.A., Gil-Gil T., Manuel J.A., Smith A.P., Baquero F, & Levin B.R. (2024). The Tradeoffs Between Persistence and Mutation Rates at Sub-Inhibitory Antibiotic Concentrations in Staphylococcus aureus. bioRxiv.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antibiotic MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method according to the CLSI standard guidelines M07-A8, M100-S20, and M45-P (50 , 51 , 53 ). Meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, linezolid, and tigecycline were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). Vancomycin and tetracycline were obtained from Merck (Germany). Clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and penicillin G were obtained from Applichem (Germany). Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and erythromycin were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH (Germany). MICs of the quality control strains S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. coli ATCC 25922 were recorded on each day for all tested antibiotics and fell within the acceptable range prescribed by the CLSI.

Frenzel E., Kranzler M., Stark T.D., Hofmann T, & Ehling-Schulz M. (2015). The Endospore-Forming Pathogen Bacillus cereus Exploits a Small Colony Variant-Based Diversification Strategy in Response to Aminoglycoside Exposure. mBio, 6(6), e01172-15.

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Antibiotics Effective Against P. aeruginosa

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Bactericidal antibiotics of five classes were selected for use here: ceftazidime (Sigma), ciprofloxacin (AppliChem), colistin (Sigma), gentamicin (Sigma) and tobramycin (Tocris). All these drugs are commonly employed to treat infection with P. aeruginosa [37 (link)].

Chaudhry W.N., Concepción-Acevedo J., Park T., Andleeb S., Bull J.J, & Levin B.R. (2017). Synergy and Order Effects of Antibiotics and Phages in Killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0168615.

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Antibiotic Procurement for Research

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Ciprofloxacin (A4556) was obtained from AppliChem Panreac, Tetracycline (T17000) was obtained from Research Products International, Fosfomycin (P5396) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Chloramphenicol (23660) was obtained from USB, Rifampin (BP2679-1) was obtained from Fisher BioReagents, Ceftriaxone (C5793) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Azithromycin (3771) was obtained from TOCRIS and Gentamicin (BP918-1) was obtained from Fisher BioReagents.

Berryhill B.A., Gil-Gil T., Manuel J.A., Smith A.P., Margollis E., Baquero F, & Levin B.R. (2023). What’s the Matter with MICs: Bacterial Nutrition, Limiting Resources, and Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics. Microbiology Spectrum, 11(3), e04091-22.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Cystobactamids

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Cystobactamids CN-DM-861 and AR351 were synthesized in the lab of the corresponding author according to reference 21 (link). Ciprofloxacin was purchased from AppliChem. Coumermycin A1, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin HCl, novobiocin sodium salt, trimethoprim, nortriptyline HCl, caffeine, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and Fe(II)SO₄ 7×H₂O were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Glipizide was purchased from ACROS Organics, and (S)-naproxen was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company. d(+)-Glucose monohydrate and K₂HPO₄ were obtained from Merck Millipore, and MgSO₄ 7×H₂O and casamino acid were obtained from Roth. Acetonitrile ultra LC/MS grade, water ultra LC/MS grade, and methanol ultra LC/MS grade were obtained from Fisher Scientific.

Franke R., Overwin H., Häussler S, & Brönstrup M. (2021). Targeting Bacterial Gyrase with Cystobactamid, Fluoroquinolone, and Aminocoumarin Antibiotics Induces Distinct Molecular Signatures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mSystems, 6(4), e00610-21.

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Antimicrobial Activity of D. binata Extracts

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We investigated the antimicrobial activity of D. binata extracts and AgNPs towards two multidrug-resistant clinical strains of S. aureus (MRSA 43300 and 703k) obtained from the Laboratory of Microbiology at the Provincial Hospital in Gdansk, Poland. The S. aureus ATCC 13420 strain was used as a reference strain in all experiments. Tested S. aureus strains were characterized by their susceptibility to antibiotics: oxacillin (Fluka Analytics), ciprofloxacin (AppliChem) and vancomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) accordingly to the CLSI standard broth microdilutions method [30] . All strains mentioned are deposited at the IFB, UG & MUG, Poland. Except for experiments concerning antimicrobial susceptibility testing bacteria were grown in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) or on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) (Oxoid, UK) at 37°C. Overnight bacterial cultures were diluted to obtain the initial inocula, equivalent to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard (1.5−5×10⁷ Colony Forming Units [CFU]/ml) measured by densimeter (DensiMeter II, EMO, Brno).

Krychowiak M., Grinholc M., Banasiuk R., Krauze-Baranowska M., Głód D., Kawiak A, & Królicka A. (2014). Combination of Silver Nanoparticles and Drosera binata Extract as a Possible Alternative for Antibiotic Treatment of Burn Wound Infections Caused by Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e115727.

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Antimicrobial Retro-Inverso Peptide TAT-RasGAP

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TAT-RasGAP317-326 is a retro-inverso peptide (i.e. reversed direction compared to natural sequence including D-amino acids) with an antimicrobial activity [20] composed of amino acids 48-57 of HIV TAT protein (RRRQRRKKRG) and 317-326 of human RasGAP protein (DTRLNTVWMW) linked with two glycines. TAT-RasGAP317-326 was synthesized by SBS Genetech (Beijing, China). Ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and gentamicin were from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany), rifampicin and polymyxin B from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MO), and melittin from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY).

Heinonen T., Hargraves S., Georgieva M., Widmann C., & Jacquier N. (2020). The antimicrobial peptide TAT-RasGAP_317-326 inhibits the formation and the expansion of bacterial biofilms in vitro.

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